第三章 答题技巧
第二节 词语用法及语法结构
词汇和语法结构部分共设30个单句,每句1分,共30分。题目中50%为词和短语的用法,50%为语法结构。
词汇和语法结构部分的考试目的是测试考生运用词汇,短语及语法结构的能力。考试范围包括全日制文理科本科教学大纲中词汇表及语法结构表一至三级的主要内容。下面我对这两部分分别进行讲解。
词汇部分的考试重点:名词,代词,介词,连词,形容词和副词,动词。
名词的考试重点是:名词的含义、名词和动词的搭配、名词的所有格。
一、 名词的含义:
1、The _____ of the play is so great that many people want to see it.
A. attention
B. attraction
C. attempt
D. attack
(答案为B。四个名词的意思分别attraction :吸引。 attention:注意力。attempt:努力。attack:进攻,袭击。是本句的意思是:“这个剧目有如此大的吸引力,以至于许多人都想看。”因此只有B最符合题意。)(2001年21题)
2、He has been teaching for 2years, but being a teacher is not his _____.
A. chance
B. character
C. attitude
D. choice
(答案为D。四个 名词的意思分别是:choice :选择。chance:机会。character:性特点。attitude :态度。本句的意思是“他已经教书两年了,但是当老师并不是他的选择。”只有D最符合题意。)(2001年25题)
二、 名词和动词的搭配:
1、Your sister has made an _____ for you to see the dentist at 3 this afternoon..
A. appointment
B. interview
C. opportunity
D. assignment
(答案为A。make (fix) an appointment : 预约, 约会。固定搭配。)(2002年24题)
2、The committee is expected to _____ a decision this evening.
A. reach
B. arrive
C. bring
D. take
(答案为A。 习惯用这样的搭配:come to a decision, arrive at a decision, reach a decision 做出决定。)(2002年25题)
三、名词的所有格:
1、Sorry, I don’t know he is a friend of _____.
A. your brother
B. your brothers
C. your brother’s friend
D. your brother’s
(答案为D。a (an) +名词+of+名词性所有格 a friend my mine, a friend of ours, a friend of my mother’s。)(2001年56题)
2、Don’t you know he is an old friend of _____?
A .my brother
B. my brothers
C. my brother’s
D. my brother’s friend
(答案为C。)(1999年60题)
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一、名词性与形容词性物主代词的区别
二、代词的替代
三、不定代词的用法
代词的用法主要以挑错题形式进行测试,因此这里就不进行举例了。后面挑错题的答题技巧中会有详细说明和例句。
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??考试重点:
常用的形容词和副词的含义;形容词、副词和名词遇在一起时的位置;such…that和so…that 的用法。
一、常用的形容词的含义
1、This is a very _____ situation and we don’t know how to face it yet.
A comprehensive
B. compound
C. complicated
D. competent
(答案为 C。四个形容词的意思分别为complicated:复杂的。comprehensive :综合的,理解的。compound:混合的,复合的。competent :能力强的。本句的意思是“这是一个非常复杂的形势,我们还不知道如何面对。”因此只有C最符合题意。)(2001年26题)
2、One car went too fast and _____ missed hitting another car.
A. completely
B. greatly
C. narrowly
D. little
(答案为C。四个副词的意思分别是:completely:完全地。greatly:非常,很:narrowly :以毫厘之差 little:小的,少的。因此只有C最符合题意。)(1998年35题)
二、形容词、副词和名词遇在一起时的位置
例:My next door neighbor Johnson seems to have _____ opinion on the show last night.
A.rather the strong
B. rather strong
C. a rather strong
D. the rather strong
(答案为C。)(2000年60题)
三、such…that和 so …that 的用法
1、They are _____ students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations.
A. so diligent
B. such diligent
C. so much diligent
D. such very diligent
(答案为B。such 修饰名词)(2002年43题)
2、He was _____ an honest man that everybody trusted him.
A. so
B. as
C. such
D. very
(答案为C。)
3、He was _____ fat that he couldn’t get through the door.
A. so
B. how
C. such
D. much
(答案为A。)(how 修饰形容词fat。)
考试重点:引导各种从句的常用连词的基本含义和用法、关系代词和关系副词以及介词+关系代词的用法、注意根据句子之间的逻辑关系以及从句的类型选择连词。
一、引导各种从句的常用连词的基本含义和用法
1、Written applications should be sent to us in case _____ some problems with the electric version.
A. there will be
B. there is
C. there be
D. there was
(答案为C。in case 引导的从句要用虚拟语气, should可以省略。)(2002年59题)
2、Young _____ he is, he knows what is the right thing to do.
A. that
B. as
C. although
D. however
(答案为B。as 引导让步状语从句, 句子到装, 表语提前。)(2000年44题)
二、关系代词和关系副词以及介词+关系代词的用法:
1、I will never forget the ten years _____ we both spent in the little village.
A. when
B. during which
C. which
D. in which
(答案为C。 which关系代词, 在定语从句中做动词spend的宾语。)(2002年42题)
2、Before joining the army, he spent a lot of time in the village _____ he belonged.
A. to which
B. which
C. to where
D. which
(答案为A。因为句中的短语应当是belong to ,关系代词which 做介词to的宾语)(2001年31题)。
三、注意根据句子之间的逻辑关系以及从句的类型选择连词:
1、It is because she is very devoted to her students _____ she is respected by them.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. who
(答案为A。 因为是强调句型, 因此用that)(2001年33题)
2、_____ was unimportant.
A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not
B. No matter how he enjoyed our dinner
C. If he enjoyed our dinner
D. what he enjoyed our dinner
(答案为A。 主语从句。)(2000年40题)
??考试重点:特殊动词的含义和用法、短语动词。
一、特殊动词的含义和用法
1、Words _____ meaning, as we all know.
A. convince
B. convey
C. contribute
D. Conquer
(答案为B。四个动词的意思分别是convey:表达,传递。本句的意思是“众所周知,语言表达思想。”只有B最合适。convince:使确信;contribute: 做贡献;conquer:征服。)(2001年36题)
2、Nobody but a young woman _____ the airplane crash.
A. endured
B. rejected
C. survived
D. lived
(答案为C。survive:从…中逃生,经历…后继续存在,是及物动词。Only two people survived the fire. 这场大火中只有两个人幸免于死。The crops survived the drought.经过这次旱灾,庄稼还是活了下来。本句的意思是:“此飞机失事中,只有一个年轻妇女幸免遇难。”只有C的意思是正确的。endure:忍耐,容忍。reject:拒绝。Live:居住,生活。)(2002年36题)
二、短语动词
短语动词的测试在词汇试题中一直占很大比例,平均每年试题中至少有6-9个左右。这类题目主要有两种。一种是同一个动词与不同的小品词构成的短语,另一种是不同动词与同一个小品词构成的短语。
1、After saying that, he _____ the door quickly.
A. made up
B. make for
C. made out
D. made
(答案为B。make for:(尤指匆匆地)走向, 朝…前进。It’s late; we’d better make for home.时间不早了,我们最好赶快家。因此B 最符合题意。make up: 弥补,补偿。make up a loss 补偿损失;make up the money (to the right amount)补足钱款。make out:理解, 弄清楚。I can never make out what he wants.我怎么也弄不懂他要什么。)(2001年59题)
2、The young man promised to his parents, “I would never _____ again.”
A. let you down
B. let you out
C. let you in
D. let you by
(答案为A。let down: 使某人失望。本句的意思是:这个年轻人向他的父母承诺:我决不会使你们失望。因此只有A 最符合题意。let out :放走, 释放。Who let the air out of my tyres?谁放了我轮胎的气?let in 允许进入。He let them in by a side door.他让他们从边门进入。let by 没有这个用法。)(2001年60题。)
3、I promised to look _____ the matter as soon as I got there.
A. for
B. in
C. into
D. after
(答案为C。“look into ”的意思是“调查”,本句的意思是“我保证一到那就调查这件事情”。“look for”寻找。Will you help me look for my gloves? 你能帮我寻找我的手套吗?look in: 朝里面看。I looked in my purse and discovered I’d only got a five-pound note.我朝钱包里一看,发现只有一张五英镑的钞票。 look after: 照顾、照看。 He has looked after his elderly parents for many years. 他照料年迈的父母已经多年了。)(2002年23题)
4、William has cut his smoking _____ to five cigarettes a day.
A. down
B. in
C. off
D. out
(答案为A。cut down :削减,减少。We must cut our expenses down somehow.我们得设法减少开支。A最符合题意。cut in:插嘴,打断。Don’t cut in when other people are talking.别人讲话时不要插嘴。cut off:使分离,使隔离。He was cut off from all his friends when he studied abroad. 他在出国留学期间跟所有的朋友中断了联系。cut out:切去,割去。The doctor cut out his tonsils.医生割除了他的扁桃体。)(2002年38题)
??固定搭配通常由两个或两个以上的词组成,不能任意拆开,其意义常常不是单词意义的简单组合,而具有新的意义。
1、A great celebration is going to be held _____ the distinguished writer。
A. in spite of
B. in honor of
C. in favor of
D. in the name of
(答案是B。 in spite of 意为“不管,不顾……”,in honor of 意为“为向……表示敬意”,in favor of 意为“赞同……,支持……”,in the name of 意为“以……的名义,代表……”。根据题义,只有B是正确答案)。(2000年48题)
2、_____, we keep records on all the experiments so that we may have enough data.
A. As a whole
B. As a rule
C. On the average
D. By all means
(答案为B。 as a (general ) rule :通常,一般来说。B最符合题意。又如:As a rule, he doesn’t go to the office on Saturdays.星期六他通常不去办公室。as a whole: 作为一个整体,整体来看:The temperature for the country as a whole is relatively high.这个国家的气温总的来说是较高的。on (an 或the) average: 按平均值, 通常 On (the 或an ) average I work ten hours a day. 我平均每天工作10小时。by all means:尽一切办法,务必。By all means, I must visit my sick friend.我一定得去探望我那生病的朋友。)(2002年35题)
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??词汇试题的正确选择在很大程度上取决于考生词汇量的大小,以及运用词汇能力的强弱。但是了解一些解题技巧也会对考试有一定的帮助。下面简单介绍几种词汇测试题中常见的应试技巧。
一、利用表示增加与递进关系的词
这样的词包括:and, again, also, too, besides, moreover, furthermore, but, in addition to等。
例:The house is very _____, and furthermore, it’s too far from the town.
A. neat
B. spacious
C. expensive
D. fashionable
(分析四个选项,我们可以看到选项中的所有单词都可以用来修饰句子的主语——房子。句子中间表示递进关系的furthermore在帮助我们判断时非常关键。它后面所跟的是描述房子离城太远,这是房子的缺点。根据逻辑推理,它前面的分句说明的也一定是缺点。因此选项中的A、B、D都不对,因为它们都是在说明房子的优点,故而答案只能是C,若题句中的and furthermore改成but ,那么选项就要改变了)。
二、利用表示比较与对比关系的词。
这样的词包括:but, however, although, in contrast, instead of 等。
例:A lamp is concrete and you can touch it, but its brightness is _____.
A. academic
B. abstract
C. absurd
D. absolute
(句子中表示对比关系的连接词是but,从这一信号词中我们可以推断句子前后两部分所阐述的内容正好是相对的,与concrete 相对的是 abstract,因此B是本题答案。)
三、利用表示因果关系的词。
这样的词包括:because , as a result, thus ,consequently, therefore等。
例:He is a very _____ person because he has done a lot of good things for the local people.
A. respectable
B. respectful
C. respective
D. respecting
(本句后半部分是由because引导的原因状语从句,意思是“他为当地人做了许多好事”,从这一原因中,我们自然能推断出他应该受到别人对他的尊敬。表示“被人尊敬的,值得尊敬的”应当是A。)
四、利用表示让步关系的词。
这类词包括:if ,although ,in spite of ,while ,whereas 等。
例:Although Asian countries are generally more _____ in social customs than Western countries,there have been several notable examples of women leaders in both China and India.
A. consistent
B. comprehensive
C. confidential
D. conservative
(本句although引导的是让步状语从句,因此可以推断主句中的事实与前面所出现的有关亚洲国家的特点正相反。与后半句中所阐述的“中国和印度都有一些著名的妇女领袖”这一事实相反的亚洲国家的特点应当是“在社会习俗方面比西方国家要保守”。因此选项中的D是正确答案。)
五、根据词法常识判断选择:
有些词汇测试题,从词的意义去考虑,填入多个选择项都可以。在这种情况下,如果借肋语法对题目进行分析,往往可以找到正确答案。
例:Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to _____ healthy.
A. preserve
B. stay
C. maintain
D. reserve
(从四个选项动词的词义来看,哪个都行。但动词后面直接跟形容词作表语的只有stay,其它三个动词都是及物动词,后面应当接宾语。因此答案是B。)
六、排除法:
在做词汇题时,常会遇到一时难以判断哪一个是正确答案的情况。这时不妨从不符合题义的选项着手,将非正确答案逐一排除,剩下的多半就是正确答案。此方法同样适用阅读理解,语法及完形填空部分的试题,在此不再一一举例。
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[此贴子已经被作者于2005-1-31 18:24:57编辑过]
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