Learn English Follow Tie Rou

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Passage 1 Oceanography has been defined as 'The application of all sciences to the study of the sea'. Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in-his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, 1et alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question 'What is at the bottom of the oceans ' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the mute to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured. It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s,Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea. The cable was laid, but not until 1866was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872Thomson led a scientific expedition , which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895. 1. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly_____ A)for oceanographic studies C)for business considerations B)for military purposes D)for investigating the depths of the oceans 2.It was_____ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies. A)the American Navy B)some early intercontinental travellers C)those who earned a living from the sea D)the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable 3.The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was____ A)to make some sound experiments in the oceans B)to collect samples of sea plants and animals C)to estimate the length of cable that was to be made D)to measure the depths of two oceans 4.'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means_____ A)'doubted' C)'challenged' B)'gave proof to' D)'agreed to' 5.This passage is mainly about________ A)the beginnings of oceanography B)the laying of the first undersea cable C)the investigation of ocean depths D)the early intercontinental communications 6.The author's attitude in this passage is _____ A)critical B)objective C)warmhearted D)sad Passage 1: CDDCAB

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Passage 2 The speaker, a teacher from a community college, addressed a sympathetic audience. Heads nodded in agreement when he said, "High school English teachers are not doing their jobs." He described the inadequacies of his students, all high school graduates who can use language only at a grade 9 level. I was unable to determine from his answers to my questions how this grade 9 level had been established. My topic is not standards nor its decline.What the speaker was really saying is that he is no longer young; he has been teaching for sixteen years, and is able to think and speak like a mature adult. My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. It is also human nature to l Tk for the reasons for our dissatisfaction. Before English became a school subject in the late nineteenth century, it was difficult to find the target of the blame for language deficiencies.But since then, English teachers have been under constant attack. The complainers think they have hit upon an original idea. As their own command of the language improves, they notice that young people do not have this same ability. Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generation of young people must be hopeless in this respect. To the eyes and ears of sensitive adults. The language of the young always seems inadequate. Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generational phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to today's young people, it naturally follows that today 's English teachers cannot be doing their jobs. Otherwise, young people would not commit offenses against the language. 1.The speaker the author mentioned in the passage believed that A) the language of the younger generation is usually inferior to that of the older generation B) the students had a poor command of English because they didn't work hard enough C) he was an excellent language teacher because he had been teaching English for sixteen years D) English teachers should be held responsible for the students, poor command of English 2.In the author's opinion, the speaker A) gave a correct judgement of the English level of the students B) had exaggerated the language problems of the students C) was right in saying that English teachers were not doing their jobs D) could think and speak intelligently 3.The author's attitude towards the speaker's remarks is________ . A) neutral C) critical B) positive D)compromising 4.It can be concluded from the passage that A) it b justifiable to include English as a school subject B) the author disagrees with the speaker over the standard of English at Grade 9level C) English language teaching is by no means an easy job D) Language improvement needs time and effort 5.In the passage the author argues that A) it is unfair to blame the English teachers for the language deficiencies of the students B) young people would not commit offences against the language if the teachers did their jobs properly C) to eliminate language deficiencies one must have sensitive eyes and ears D) to improve the standard of English requires the effort of several generations Passage 2: DBCDA

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Passage 3 For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies -- and other creatures -- learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce resuits in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still goon making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result ,for instance ,two left or two right ,or even to make as many as three turns to one side. Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control . 1.According to the author, babies learn to do things which_______ A) are directly related to pleasure C)will bring them a feeling of success B) will meet their physical needs D)will satisfy their curiosity 2.Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby________ A)would make learned responses when it saw the milk B)would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink C)would continue the simple movements without being given milk D)would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink 3.In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to_______ A)have the lights turned on C)please their parents B)be rewarded with milk D)be praised 4.The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because_____ A)the lights were directly related to some basic "drives" B)the sight of the lights was interesting C)they need not turn back to watch the lights D)they succeeded in "switching on" the lights 5.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of __________ A)a basic human desire to understand and control the world B)the satisfaction of certain physiological needs C)their strong desire to solve complex problems D)a fundamenta1human urge to display their learned skills Passage 3: CCADA

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Passage 4 Just seven years ago, the Jarvik-7 artificial heart was being cheered as the model of human creativeness. The sight of Barney Clark-alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for a metal-and-plastic pump-convinced the press, the public and many doctors that the future had arrived. It hadn't. After monitoring production of the Jarvik-7, and reviewing its effects on the 150 or so patients (most of whom got the device as a temporary measure) the U.S Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them. Last week the agency cancelled its earlier approval, effectively banning the device. The recall may hurt Symbion Inc, maker of the Jarvik-7, but it wont end the request for an artificial heart. One problem with the banned model is that the tubes connecting it to an external power source created a passage for infection. Inventors are now working on new devices that would be fully placed, along with a tiny power pack, in the patient 's chest. The first samply products aren't expected for another 10 or 20 years. But some people are already worrying that they'll work-and that America`s overextended health-care programs will lose a precious $2.5 billion to $5 billion a year providing them for a relatively few dying patients. If such expenditures cut into funding for more basic care, the net effect could actually be a decline in the nation's health. 1. According to the passage the Jarvik-7artificial heart proved to be_______. A)a technical failure B)a technical wonder C)a good life-saver D)an effective means to treat heart disease 2. From the passage we know that Symbion Inc ______. A)has been banned by the government from producing artificial hearts B)will review the effects of artificial hearts before designing new models C)may continue to work on new models of reliable artificial hearts D)can make new models of artificial hearts available on the market in 1O to 20 years 3. The new models of artificial hearts are expected ______. A)to have a working life of 10 or 20 years B)to be set fully in the patient's chest C)to be equipped with an external power source D)to create a new passage for infection 4. The word "them" in Line 7, Para. 2 refers to _____ A) doctors who treat heart diseases B) makers of artificial hearts C) America's health-care programs D) New model of artificial hearts 5. Some people feel that______. A)artificial hearts are seldom effective B)the country should not spend so much money on artificial hearts C)the country is not spending enough money on artificial hearts D)America's health-care programs are not doing enough for the nation's health Passage 4: ACBDB

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Passage 5 We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade! Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning. In our classroom, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to cooperate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher. Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them. the skills they need in order to do this efficiently . An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal. 1.In the passage the author's attitude towards 'mixed-ability teaching, is A)critical C)approving B)questioning D)objective 2.By'held back,(Line 1)the author means' A)made to remain in the same classes B)forced to study in the lower classes C)drawn to their studies E) prevented from advancing 3.The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be the development of the student' A) personal qualities and social skills B)total personality C)learning ability and communicative skills D)intellectual ability 4.Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the third paragraph A)Group work gives pupils the opportunity to learn to work together with others. B)Pupils aim learn to develop their reasoning abilities. C)Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to be capable organizers. D)Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities. 5.The author's purpose of writing this passage is to A) argue for teaching bright and not-| -bright pupils in the same class B)recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities C)offer advice on the proper use of the library D)emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teaching Passage 5:CDBDA

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Passage 6 If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it ,only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear. Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and soon. No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth ,comfort and durability .They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes. When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability That is for you to decide. 1.Designers and big storm always make money A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry B)because they are capable of predicting new fashions C)by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing D)because they attach great importance to quality in women's clothing 2.To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as A)a waste of money B)a waste of time C)an expression of taste D)an expression of creativity 3.The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the of clothing. A)cost B) appearance C)comfort D)suitability 4.According to the passage, which of the, following statements is TRUE A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women. B) The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character. C) The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society- D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women. 5.By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious,,(Para.4,Line 13),the writer means that A) women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at B)women are better able to put up with discomfort C)men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers D)men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion Passage 6:CBCAD

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Passage 7 Taste is such a subjective matter that we don 't usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone 's preference, is that it's one person's opinion. But because the two big cola companies Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed aggressively, we've wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either C0ca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting. We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic or Pepsi, Diet Coke, or Diet Pepsi-These were people who thought they'd have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand. We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. We eventually located 19regular cola drinkers and 27diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants 'choices with what mere gum-work would have accomplished. Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought , for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7out of 19regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse -only 7of27identified all four samples correctly. While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burn out, was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price. 1.According to the passage the preference test was conducted in order to A) find out the role taste preference plays in a person's drinking B)reveal which cola is more to the liking of the drinkers C)show that a person's opinion about taste is mere guess-work D)compare the ability of the participants in choosing their drinks 2.The statistics recorded in the preference tests show A)Coca-Cola and Pepsi are people's two most favorite drinks A) there is not much difference in taste between Coca-Cola and Pepsi。 B) few people had trouble telling Coca-Cola from Pepsi D)people's tastes differ from one another 3.It is implied in the first paragraph that A)the purpose of taste tests b to promote the sale of colas B)the improvement of quality is the chief concern of the two cola companies C)the competition between the two colas is very strong D)blind tasting is necessary for identifying fans 4.The word "burnout"(Line4,Para.5)here refers to the state of A)being seriously burnt in the skin B)being unable to burn for lack of fuel C)being badly damaged by fire D)being unable to function because of excessive use 5.The author's purpose in writing this passage is to A)show that taste preference is highly subjective B)argue that taste testing is an important marketing strategy C)emphasize that taste and price are closely related to each other D)recommend that blind tasting be introduced in the quality control of colas Passage 7:ABCDA

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Passage 8 When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty ,or any other records which might help ,at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction. A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the "higher up, the consumer takes his or her complaint ,the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favour, assuming he or she has a just claim. Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, "The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear" is better than" This stereo does not work." The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers' rights. 1. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to A) complain personally to the manager B)threaten to take the matter to court C)write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase D)show me written proof of the purchase to the store 2.If a consumer wants a quick statement of his problem, it 's better to complain to A)a shop assistant B)the store manager C)the manufacturer D)a public organization 3.The most effective complaint can be made by A)showing the faulty item to the manufacturer B)explaining exactly what is wrong with the item C)saying firmly that the item is of poor quality D)asking politely to change the item 4.The phrase "live up to"(Para-1,Line 2)in the context means A)meet the standard of B)realize the purpose of C)fulfil the demands of D)keep the promise of 5.The passage tells us A)how to settle a consumer's complaint about a faulty item B)how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item C)how to avoid buying a faulty item C)how to deal with complaints from customers Passage 8: DBBAB

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Passage 9 Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged , biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age. People will be alert and receptive if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind. Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. "The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts of information," says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. "Most of us don't need that kind of skii1.Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental alertness. "Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because t hey enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work. Gene Cohen ,acting director of the same institute ,suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better adjusted. "The point is, you need to do both," Cohen says. "Intellectual activity actually influences brain-cell health and size." 1.People who are cognitively healthy are those A) whose minds are alert and receptive B) who are highly intelligent. C)who can remember large amounts of information D)who are good at recognizing different sounds 2.According to Fozard's argument, people can make their brains work more efficiently by A)constantly doing memory work B)making frequent adjustments C)going through specific training D)taking part in various mental activities 3.The findings of James and other scientists in their work A)remain a theory to be further proved B)have been challenged by many other experts C)are practised by the researchers themselves D)have been generally accepted 4.Older people are generally advised to A) keep mentally active by challenging their brains B)keep fit by going in for physical activities C)maintain mental alertness through specific training D)maintain a balance between individual and group activities 5.What is the passage mainly about A)How biochemical changes occur in the human brain. B)Why people should receive special mental training as they age. C)How intellectual activities influence brain-cell health. D)Why people should keep active not only physically but a1so mentally. Passage 9: ADCBD

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Passage 10 Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage ,hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example. At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient 's illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary. The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague. Nursing at Beth Israel aim involves a decentralized nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit 's nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when. Beth Israel's nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She aim is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors. 1. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital A) The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse. B) Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night. C) The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient. D) The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day. 2. It can be inferred from the passage that________ A) compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient B) in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view C) in most hospitals nurses get low salaries D) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital。。 3.A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when_________ A) the present one is refused by the patient B)the patient complains about the present one C)the present one proves to be ineffective D) the patient is found unwilling to cooperate 4. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former ______ A)is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital B)has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nurses C)can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient D)has full responsibility in the administration d the unit's nurses 5. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is_____ A) negative C) critical B) neutral D) positive Passage 10:ABCDD