语法混总

乐天

虚拟语气

虚拟语气是说话人通过动词的特殊形式表示所说的话不是事实，而是一种愿望，假设，猜测，建议，可能，或者空想等。

1． 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法：

	条件从句	主句
与现在事实相违背	过去式（动词是BE用were）	Should / would + 动词原形
与过去事实相违背	had + 过去分词	would / should + have +过去分词
与未来事实相违背	1) should + 动词原形 2) were + 动词不定式 3) 过去式（动词是BE也可以用were）	would / Should + 动词原形

虚拟语气除了上述正式形式外，还要注意以下几点：

1) 含蓄虚拟条件状语：有时候虚拟条件句不用从句，而用without, but for, in the absence等介词短语或其他形式来表示：

But for your help, we wouldn’t have got the result so soon.

2) 省略结果主句的虚拟条件句，常表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用if only来引导，意思是“要是。。。就好了。”表示与现在事实相反，谓语用过去时，表示与过去事实相反，谓语用过去完成式，表示与将来事实相反，谓语用would+动词原型。

If only you hadn’t told him what I said.

3) 省略if 的条件句，如果条件句的谓语动词含有系动词were或助动词had或should，可以将if 省略，同时把were, had, should 移动到主语之前：

Had I known you were coming today, I would have met you at the airport.

If I had known you were coming today, I would have met you at the airport.

4) 有时候条件从句和结果主句的时态可以不一致，这种结构叫时态错综结构。

If you had taken my advice a week earlier, you would be quite all right now.

乐天

1． 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法：

1) 在动词wish后的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟结构：

与现在事实相反：用动词过去式，be 动词用 were

与过去事实相反：had +过去分词

与将来事实相反：would(could, might)+动词原型

I wish I could fly. I wish I were a boy.

I wish I had been born in Tang Dynasty.

I wish we could go with my brother when he flies to England next week.

2) Would rather, would sooner, would just as soon表示宁愿，后面的宾语从句用动词过去式表示与现在事实相反相反，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反：

I would rather you didn’t take any action for the time being.

I would rather you had come yesterday.

3) 表示愿望，请求，建议，命令等意义的动词引导宾语从句是，从句谓语结构为should +动词原型，在书面用语中，should 经常可以省略。如：demand, insist, suggest, command, request, order, propose, desire, require, urge, maintain, deserve, recommend, intend, move, ask, prefer, advise, decide等。

2． 虚拟语气用于主语从句：

it+形容词／过去分词＋should do

常用形容词：important, necessary, natural, possible, essential, vital, appropriate, better, best, imperative, probable, interesting, strange, odd, amazing, astonishing, surprising, annoying, ridiculous, absurd, sorry, shocked, astonished, unthinkable, incredible, advisable, desirable, urgent, preferable, etc.

常用过去分词：

suggested, requested, required, ordered, proposed, decided, settled, arranged, planned, recommended, advised,

It has been decided that the meeting should be postponed till next Sunday.

3． 虚拟语气用于状语从句：

1) 由as if, as though引导的方式状语从句中谓语动词常用虚拟语气。

与现在事实相反：用动词过去式，be 动词用 were

与过去事实相反：had +过去分词

与将来事实相反：would(could, might)+动词原型

2) Lest, for fear 从句，should+动词原型，should可以省略

I wrote these notes down for fear that/lest I should forget.

4． 虚拟语气用于表语从句和同位语从句中：

凡是含有建议，请求，要求等词义的表语和同位语从句后面要用should+动词原型，should 可以省略。如：idea, motion, plan, advice, demand, desire, order, proposal, preference, requirement, suggestion, decision, recommendation, etc.

Your suggestion that we should go outing is welcomed by the whole class.

２．３．４．５类用法可以归纳为，凡是含有建议，命令，请求，意图，惊奇，设想等含义的形容词，动词，名词后面的结构都要用should +动词原型，should都可以省略。

5． 虚拟语气用于定语从句：

常用句型：it is time that, it is high time that, it is about time that, 从句谓语用过去时

It is high time we went to bed.

It is high time we put an end to the war.

乐天

不定式

学习非谓语动词要掌握两个概念：A.非限定动词的动作意义；B.非限定动词的形式。任何一个动词都可能有不同形式的非限定动词的形式；但是无论这个动词写成哪一种非限定动词形式，它表示的意义是不会改变的。那么在决定使用它的哪一种形式之前，我们必须首先判断它或者与它构成的短语在句中的语法成分；再根据它在这种特定语言环境中的意义去决定它的恰当形式。 1. 掌握几种非限定动词形式之间的主要区别。 非限定动词的形式主要有三种：不定式、分词和动名词。有时，这三种形式都可以充当同一个句子成分，如：它们都可以作定语、表语，又如：不定式和动名词都可以作主语、宾语；不定式和分词都可以作状语、宾语补足语，等等。即使是同一种非限定动词形式，各自也有不同的形式，如：主动式、被动式；一般式、进行式、完成式，等等。因此，不了解这些非限定动词形式之间的主要区别，就无法正确使用非限定动词。当然这些区别中，有些是因为语言规则和习惯确定的；但很多却是由于意义和逻辑而决定的. 2. 着眼于意义，使用正确的非限定动词形式。 着眼于意义的作用在于，去解决那些由于意义和逻辑而决定的区别问题。如上所述,在决定使用一个动词的哪一种非限定动词形式之前，我们必须首先判断它或者与它构成的短语在句中的语法成分；再根据它在这种特定语言环境中的意义去看它与其相关词所构成的关系；经过对这种关系的分析后，就可以决定它的非限定动词形式了。 用所给动词的恰当形式完成下面各句： 1) She wanted the work _____ (complete) by Friday. 2) She wanted us _____ ( complete ) the wok by Friday. 3) We extended a warm welcome to his _____ (come) to our party. 4) She looked _____ (disappoint) after she lost the game. 1) She wanted the work to be completed by Friday 2) She wanted us to complete the wok by Friday. 3）We extended a warm welcome to his coming to our party . 我们对他来参加我们的聚会表示了热情的欢迎。（代词的所有格作动名词的修饰语） 4）She looked disappointed after she lost the game.输掉那场比赛后，她看上去很失望。

1. 不定式 ( Infinitive ) 从本节开始，和接下来的两节，我们要就这类"不能独立地在句中充当谓语的动词或动词形式"分别地进行讨论。这类动词和由它们所构成的动词短语有这样几个共同的特征： # 它们都是从动词变过来的，虽不能独立地在句子里担当谓语，却可以直接充当（除谓语外）其他各种成分，如：主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补足语等。也就是说，它们可以起名词、形容词、副词等作用。 ## 由于它们都是从动词变过来的，所以它们依然保留着"动词的某些特征"--它们可以带有自己的宾语、状语。 我们先讨论一下不定式的句法功能，既不定式在句子中能担当那些句子成分。 1）主语 不定式作主语所表达的主要意思是"（要是去）做某事……"。那就是说，它尽管在此间相当于名词、代词的作用，但是它的动作意义却依然很强。另外，在正式的书面文体中，如果是不定式作句子的主语，那么要将不定式后置，而用引导词it 来取代它的"主语位置"。It 在句中没有任何意义，是句子的"形式主语"；真正的"逻辑主语"还是不定式。例如： To get there by air will take you only about two hours. 乘飞机去那儿记将只花你两个小时。 It will take you only about tow hours to get there by air. 乘飞机去那儿记将只花你两个时。 To do it once more needs time .将这件事再做一遍需要时间。 It needs time to do it once more. 将这件事再做一遍需要时间。 另外，如果要说明不定式短语的"逻辑主语"是谁，可在不定式前面加for引导的短语；在某些形容词作表语时，则要用以of引导的短语（这类形容词常见的有：kind , good , nice , wise , unwise , clever , silly , wrong , right , foolish , stupid , careless , considerate , rude , naughty , impolite）。例如： It is difficult for him to finish the work within one week. 让他在一周内完成这件工作是很困难的。 It is a pleasure for us to take part in the conference. 对我们来说，参加这个会议是件快事。 It is very kind of you to have given us so much help . 你给予我们这么多的帮助，真难为你了。 It is foolish of them to turn down the proposal . 他们拒不采纳那个建议是愚昧的。 2) 表语 不定式作表语所表达的主要意思是"说明或解释主语（要去）做什么事"。例如： Her best wish is to put her knowledge into practice. 她最大的愿望是将自己的知识用于实践。 His plan is to make a reform in their teaching methodology. 他的计划是要对他们的教学方法进行改革。 They appear to have accomplished their experiment. 他们似乎已成功地做完了试验。

3) 宾语 不定式可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语；这类及物动词常见的有： advise (忠告) , agree (同意) , ask (请、要) , attempt (试图) , begin (开始) , care (想要) , choose (决定、要) continue (继续) , decide (决定) , desire (希望) , determine (决心) , expect (期望) , forget (忘记) , fail (未能) , hate (不喜欢) , hope (希望) , intend (打算) , learn (学习) , like (喜欢) , manage (设法) , mean (打算) offer (愿意) , plan (计划、打算) , prefer (宁愿) , pretend (假装) , refuse (拒绝、谢绝) , show (演示) , start (开始) , tell (告诉) , teach (教) , try (尽力) , undertake (保证、担保) , volunteer (自愿) , want (想要) , wish (希望)等等。例如： She learned to cook when she was young . 她年青的时候就学会做饭了。 His father promised to take him to Italy this summer. 他父亲答应今年夏天带他去意大利。 The girl showed us how to dance disco. 那位女孩给我们演示怎样跳迪斯科。 I didn't expect to win the first place in the competition. 我没想到会在比赛中获得第一名的。 They undertook to finish the work by Monday. 他们保证在星期一以前完成工作。 He didn't know whether to laugh or to cry when he heard the news. 他听到那个消息啼笑皆非。 I'd like to advise you what to do. 我要给你出主意怎么办。

乐天

4) 定语 英文中有很多名词能用不定式来作它们的定语，这些名词的"动词或形容词形式"后也常接不定式。这种情况可参照上面列举的"常用不定式作宾语的动词"情况。例如： He agreed ( v. )to join us .他同意和我们一起干。 We reached an agreement ( n. ) to the work together .我们达成协议共同干这工作。 She is able ( adj. ) to speak four languages .她能讲四种语言。 She has an ability ( n.) to speak four languages .她有讲四种语言的能力。 They plan ( v. ) to develop a new product .他们计划研制一种新产品。 They made a plan ( n. ) to develop a new product .他们制订了一个研制新产品的计划。 了解了上述情况后，我们再来看看那些常见的，能用不定式来作它们定语的名词有哪些： ability (能力，可能) , agreement (同意) , ambition (雄心，野心) , attempt (试，企图) , anything (任何事) , anybody (任何人) , a great deal (许多东西) , anxiety (焦急的心情) , campaign (运动，活动) , chance (机会) , claim (要求，主张) , courage (勇气) , decision (决定) , determination (决心) , effort (努力) , exercise (练习) , eagerness (急切的心情) , failure (失败) , hope (希望) , item (节目) , intention (意图) , man (人) , motive force (动力) , meeting (会议) , nobody (无人) , nothing (无事) , need (需要) , offer (提供、建议) , opportunity(机会) , person (人) , plan (计划) , promise (允诺) , room (房间) , right (权力) , refusal (拒绝、谢绝) , seat (座位) , someone (某人) , something (某事) , struggle (斗争) , time (时间) , thing (事情) , way (方法) , wish (希望)等等。另外，序数词first ，second 等以及last，best，only 等词也常用不定式来作它们的定语。

5) 状语 不定式作状语时，往往是接在不及物动词的后面，修饰谓语动词；表示谓语动作发生的。 A）目的、B）结果、C）原因、D）程度，等等。例如： A）作目的状语 She came to see me yesterday .她昨天来看我了。 He has been to New Zealand to have his further study. 他曾去新西兰深造过。 The man has to do some part-time jobs in his spare time so as to support his family .那人为了养家不得不在业余时间做些另活。 You should study even harder in order to be a top student. 要当尖子学生，你应更加努力学习。 B）作结果状语 He dwelled so much on the problem only to show his unawareness of the solution to it. 他在这个问题上说了这么一大些，只能暴露出他对解决问题的办法一无所知。 They were too excited to say a word .他们太激动了以至说不出一句话来了。 What she has said to make you so sad? 她说了些什么让你如此伤心？ I returned home that day to find that everything was being in good order .那天我回到家却发现一切会那么井井有条。 C）作原因状语 I am sorry to hear that.听到这事我很难过。 They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house. 发现屋子里空无一人，他们很奇怪。 To see him behaved in that way, I would think that he must have got something wrong with himself . 看到他这样的行为，我想他肯定有点不对劲。 D) 作程度状语 She wouldn't be so silly to say that .她不会傻得去说那件事的。 He was so rude to show the lady his pants. 他粗鲁得将他的短裤给那位妇女看。

乐天

6)补足语 不定式作补足语主要是指--不定式在某些动词后面作宾语补足语；当这种含不定式作宾语补足语的句子写成被动结构时，原句中的"宾语补足语"就变成被动句中的"主语补足语"了。在不定式作宾语补足语的结构中，有两种情况：

A）常见的用"带to的不定式作宾语补足语"的及物动词有： advise (劝告) , ask (请、要) , allow(允许、让) , beg(请求) , cause (使) , command (命令) , compel (强迫) , encourage (鼓励) , expect (预料) , force (迫使) get (让) , hate (不喜欢) , help (帮助) , invite (邀请) , intend (想要) , instruct (指令) , leave (留给) , like (喜欢) , oblige (迫使) , order (命令) , permit (允许) , persuade (劝说) , prefer (宁愿) , press (强求) , remind (提醒) , request (要求) , urge (催促) , warn (警告) , want (想要) , wish (希望) 另外，还有某些短语的后面也可以用这样的复合宾语，这样的成语动词常见的有： call on (号召), count on (仰仗) , depend on (依靠) , long for (渴望) , prevail upon (说服) , rely on (依靠) , vote for (投票) , wait for (等待) 。例： I didn't mean you to hear it .我没打算让你听到这事。 He would not like her to go with him .他不愿意她和他一块去。 Don't allow him to come in at this moment.不要让他在这会儿进来。 Tom will get someone to repair your video-recorder.汤姆将找人给你修录像机。 Please remind me to post the letter this afternoon.请提醒我下午把信寄出去。 The students are waiting for the library to open.学生们在等候图书馆开放。 They'll vote for Little Bush to be President.他们将选小布什当总统。 I prevailed him to reconsider his decision. 我说服他重新考虑他作的决定。

B）不带to的不定式作宾语补足语常见的，用"不带to的不定式作宾语补足语"的及物动词有： feel (感到) , hear (听到) , have (让、使) , help (帮助) , let (让) , make (使) , notice (注意到) , see (看见) , watch (观看) , listen to (听) , look at (瞧、看) 。例如 ： The story made all of us laugh .那故事使大伙都笑了。 Be sure to have him come before dark .一定让他在天黑前回。 Nobody noticed them leave the house .没有人注意到他们离开了屋子。 We listened to him play a piece by Chopin on the piano. 我们倾听他用钢琴演奏肖邦的曲子。 She looked at the cat jump .她瞧着猫跳。

C) 作主语补足语要特别注意作主语补足语的不定式必须带 "to"。例如： They were even made to work on weekends by the boss. 他们甚至被老板逼得周末都要上班。 We can be depended on to carry on the work. 可以靠我们来进行这个工作。 Someone was heard to open the door . 听见有人开门。 He was finally prevailed upon to take the job. 最后，他被说服接受了这个工作。

我们在前面提到过，不定式没有"表示时间的变化形式"。那就是说，我们仅从不定式本身是无法判断"不定式动作发生的时间"，这种变化形式表现在谓语动词上。但不定式却有"动作进行状态的表达方式"--它们有"进行式"、"完成式"。这种不同"体"的形式是用来表示：不定式动作与谓语动作发生的时间先后关系的。 1) 当我们不强调这种"时间先后关系"时，用不定式的"一般式"。这时在实际意义上， 不定式的动作或是与谓语动作"几乎同时发生"或是"发生于谓语动作之后"。例如： I didn't hear her say that . ( 几乎同时发生 ) 我没有听见她说那件事。 Mr. Rieder was invited to make a speech at the meeting. ( 发生于谓语动作之后 )里德先生应邀在会议上发言。 2) 不定式的"进行体"强调不定式的动作正在发生，并"与谓语动作同时发生"。例如： It is very kind of you to be thinking of us .难得你为我们着想。 They seem to be getting along quite well .他们看起来相处得很好。 We surely like everything here to be going well .我们当然愿意这里一切顺利。 He pretended to be listening to the teacher attentively .他假装在专心地听讲。 I'm so happy to be working with you .与你一道工作我很高兴。 3) 不定式的"完成式"则表示不定式的动作业已发生，并"发生于谓语动作之先"。例如： I regret to have treated her in that manner .我很抱歉用那种态度对待她。 I'm sorry to have left you here alone so long .对不起，让你一个人在这里呆了这么久。 She is said to have published a new book .据说她又出版了一本书。 They seem to have known about it already .他们似乎已经知道了这件事儿。 We happened to have come across the article once .我们碰巧有一次见过这篇文章。 不定式也有"被动式形式"。这种形式主要是说明不定式的逻辑主语与不定式动作之间是"动宾关系"。因此，在决定某个不定式是否使用"被动式形式"之前，必须要根据上下文准确无误地找到、或正确地理解它的"逻辑主语"--也就是不定式动作的执行者。 A) 与不定式相邻的名词、代词可能是不定式的"逻辑主语"，例如： It is an honour for me to be invited to attend the conference . 应邀出席这个会议是我的荣耀。 She wanted the work to be completed by Friday . 她希望这个工作在星期五以前完成。 He asked to be given a chance to work in the USA . 他申请给他一个去美国工作的机会。 These books are not allowed to be taken out.这些书不得拿出去。 You are invited to banquet to be given at the embassy . 恭请出席在使馆举行的宴会。 B) 与不定式相邻的名词、代词不一定是不定式的"逻辑主语"例如： He has nothing to do . 他无事可做。 They still have many difficulties to overcome. 他们仍有许多要克服的困难。 We found this accent difficult to imitate. 我们发现这种口音很难模仿。

乐天

Summary of Unit 1

1. 简单句的结构:

主语+谓语+宾语+状语（地点状语+方式状语+时间状语）

时间状语还可以放在句首

2. 一般现在时，现在进行时

感叹句：what+名词+主语+谓语， how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语

频度副词：位于主语和谓语之间，常见频度副词及其程度的深浅：

always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, hardly, rarely, seldom, never

I always buy CDs on Sundays.

3. 一般过去时

直接宾语和间接宾语：

主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语

直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。

He gives me a book.

me间接宾语, a book直接宾语

直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for，to表示动作对谁而做， for表示动作为谁而做。

主语＋及物动词＋直接宾语＋介词+间接宾语

Give the book to me.

Send a letter to him.

I bought a coat for my mother.

4. 现在完成时，注意频度及时间副词的位置

receive/take

5. 复习：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别

in the way/on the way/in this way/by the way/in a way/get out of my way/Don’t stand in my way./by the way/no way

spare/to spare

6. 冠词用法（一）

1． 不定冠词用于修饰单数可数名词，当一个单词的第一个发音为元音时要用冠词an, 如果是辅音用a即可。

2． 不定冠词还可以用来修饰一类事物，有时候也可以省略：

A cat is a lovely animal. Cat is a lovely animal.

3． 不可数名词加冠词表示一类事物：Apple is a fruit.

4． 如果特制某人,某物或上文提过的人或物时要用定冠词the

5． Some表示一些，可以修饰可数名词及不可数名词。

6． 在姓名，城市，地名，过名，月份，节日，星期前不加冠词，季节前也一般不加，特指时加。

put on/take off/look for/look after/knock at/knock sth. off/knock off/knock %off/knock over/knock out

7. 过去进行时，时间状语

短语：在短语中动词后面的介词或副词叫小品词，有些小品词既可以紧跟在动词后面也可以跟在动词的宾语后面，而有些则只能紧跟着动词使用。

8. 形容词的比较级与最高级

单音节词的比较级最高级：

u 直接加-er, -est: small-smaller, smallest

u 以e结尾的加-r, -st: large-larger, largest

u 以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i加-er, -est: busy-busier, busiest

u 重读闭音节结尾的词，双写最后一个辅音字母再加-er, -est：big-bigger, biggest

以ow, er, le结尾的双音节词和个别单音节词也直接加-er, -est：narrow, common, clever, simple，polite, quiet…

多音节词及双音节词：more/less, most/lest

不规则变化：

good/bad/many/little/far…

少数单音节词也要通过加more/less, most/lest构成比较级和最高级：pleased, glad, tired, fond,

注意：形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the

不定代词的用法，如果不定代词做主语，谓语动词要用单数：Everyone is here.

enter/enter for

乐天

1. 介词（表示时间）

u in:

表示一天中的某段时间：in the morning/afternoon/evening

表示月份/年份：in March, in 1990

表示季节：in spring/winter

in+一段时间可以表示在一段时间之内也可以表示在一段时间之后，可以与现在时，过去时和将来时连用。

u on:

表示星期：on Monday

表示具体日期：on June 1^st

表示具体时间：on that day/that evening/on that night

u at:

表示确切时间：at 10 o’clock

表示用餐时间：at lunch time/teatime

表示其他时刻：at noon/night/midnight, at this time

u during+一段时间

u from…till

u till/untill直到

not any=no，语气更强

2. 被动语态：

结构：be+过去分词

用法：

u 主语不清或不需要提及时

I was born in 1999. The apple was eaten.

u 强调不同的主语时，为了说明动作是谁做的，用by+动作执行者

The policeman caught the thief. The thief was caught by the policeman.

Be made in/be made of/be made from/be made by

双重名词所有格：

one of +形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+名词复数

单数名词+of+名词性物主代词/名词所有格

one of my father’s friends/a friend of my father’s

one of my friends/a friend of mine

one of your records/a record of yours

3. 复习

动词不定式做宾补的用法：

want/help/ask/teach/advise sb. to do, 代词要用宾格形式

borrow/lend, salary/wages

4. 一般将来时：

be going to结构的用法

be+副词词组：

be away/be back/be out/be in/be over/be on/be up to sb./sth.

set out=set off, set up=create

5. 将来进行时：

名词所有格：

如果名词复数以S结尾一般只加‘，如果名词是以S结尾的专有名词如人名，可以加’S, 也可以直接加‘，如：Keats’ work, the Johns’ house

名词所有格也可以用来表示无生命的

1． 时间：today’s, new centry’s

2． 国家，城市名词：the country’s, the city’s

3． 机构组织：the station’s waiting room, the university’s library

4． 车，船，用具: the car’s wheel, the computer’s harddisk

5． 专有结构：at one’s wit’s end,

6． 价值：ten pound’s worth of meat,

7． 时间：in twenty minutes’ time

6. 过去完成时：

ask/ask for

except/except for/apart from

which of/neither of/both of/neither of

乐天

1. 直接引语/间接引语（一）

如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词

u 时态变化：

一般现在时——一般过去时

现在进行时——过去进行时

一般过去时——过去完成时

现在完成时——过去完成时

一般将来时——过去将来时

be going to——was/were going to/would

can----------------could

may---------------might

u 时间地点及指示词的变化：

here—there, tomorrow—the next day, the following day, this—that…

u 人称变化：根据句意改变人称。

Nervous/irritable

Office/study/desk

afford

2. 条件状语从句：主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时，有时为了强调“能够”，“必须”还可以用情态动词

police/policeman

pay attention to/care for/take care of

remind/remember

one/you可以指任何人： One must never tell lies. You must never tell lies.

3. 情态动词：

must/have to

as作为介词，以…身份，与like相同

as作为连词，因为，正当。。。时候，以。。。方式，如同。。。那样

dress/suit/costume

grow/grow up

4. have用法

give in, give away, give up, give up

beside/besides

5. can/could/may/might

might as well表示“还是。。。的好”，“还不如。。。”

He will never pass. He might as well give up.

6. 动名词：

动名词

1． 动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时称为动名词。动名词可以做主语，标语，宾语，介词宾语定语（即复合名词）

2． 动名词的几种形式：

	主动形式	被动形式
一般式	doing	being done
完成式	having done	having been done

3. 做主语：

Finding work is difficult now.

Watching TV is my favorite pastime.

4. 做表语：

My main hobby is reading.

One of her duties is growing roses.

My job is teaching.

5. 做宾语：

I like taking with famous people.

We enjoy learning English.

The flowers need watering.

6. 介词宾语：

He is fond of watching football matches.

He went away without saying a word.

常用的一些加动名词的动词词组（注意总结）：take part in, look forward to , insist on, be interested in,

7. 做定语：

waiting room, swimming pool, washing machine, reading room, living room, drinking fountain(引水机)， parking slot…

8. 动名词的否定：

在动名词前面加not,

I am sorry for not asking you.

Interested/interesting, excited/exciting, amused/amusing

7. 被动语态（二）

will/must/can/would/could/have to be done

have/has been done

must have been done

drive 用法

home/house

8. 介词用法：见书

9. 复习

there be句型

it做为虚主语可以用来表示时间，天气，温度，距离，人或指代一个句子或不定式。

10.

乐天

Summary of Unit two

1. 并列句

我们可以将几个简单句连在一起,组成并列句,常用以下连词:

and, but, so, yet, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but …as well, not only…but also

主谓一致:

u 当主语由and , both…and 连接时,通常用复数谓语.

Both the girls and the boy are his friends.

u 当主语由neither… nor, either…or, not only…but also或or 连接时,谓语动词与 nor, or, but also后面的一致,在英语语法中，这被称为就近一致.

Neither he nor I am going to the airport.

Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.

2. 一般现在时的复习,状态动词,标点符号的使用.

以下一些动词很少用与进行时态:

appear(看起来), appreciate(鉴赏), believe(相信), feel(感觉到), forget(忘记), hear(听见), know(知道), like(喜欢), look like(看起来像), notice(注意到), remember(记得), resemble(形似), see(看到), think(认为), understand(理解), have(拥有),love(爱), seem(看起来), show(显示), mind(介意), sound(听起来), hate(讨厌), detest(憎恨), desire(意欲),

引号:

n 引号位于一行之上,应该在句尾其他标点符号, 如逗号,句号,问好之外.

n 引语的第一个词以大写字母开头.

n 在said, asked, 等词后面用逗号,只有当它们位于句尾时才在它们后面用句号.

n 当said, asked等词置于引语之间时,句子的后半部分以小写开头.

n 当一个新的说话人开始讲话时, 要另起一个段落.

3. 复习一般过去时/不规则过去式和过去分词

常用不规则动词过去式和过去分词在英语里约有300多个

put up(搭建), put out(扑灭), put on(穿上), put sb. up(为某人安排住宿), put up with(容忍), put down(抄写), put off(推迟), put away(放好，放到一边去)

4. 现在完成时复习/定语从句(见复合句部分)

l 与现在完成时连用的时间副词:

yet, just, before, recently, lately, ever, never,

so far(迄今为止), up till now(直到现在), up to now(直到现在), since(自从), for a long time(很长时间), in the past/in the last few years(在过去的几年里), these days(目前),

l 某些非延续性动词(动作开始变终止的动词), 在现在完成时中不 能与表示一段时间状语搭配:

例如:die, arrive, join, leave, go, refuse , fail, finish, buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend, 这些动词并非不能用在现在完成时,而是不能接由for引导的时间状语.但是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用.

Jane has gone away for a month. (wrong)

Jane has been away for a month.(right)

His father has died for two years. (wrong)

His father has been dead for two years.(right)

has gone to (去了某地,指人还在那里), have been to (去过某地, 人已经不在那里了)。

5. 一般过去时对比过去完成时,现在分词/过去分词

refuse/deny, bring/take/fetch, very/too

6. 冠词用法

定冠词用法

(1)特指

(2)地理名词前加定冠词

l 河流the yellow river

l 山脉 the Alps, the Himalayas

l 海峡海湾the Taiwan Straits, the English Channel

(3)由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词

l 国名及政治组织名the United States, the United Kingdom

l 某些机构学校及建筑名 the British Museum

l 由普通名词构成的报刊杂志名 the New York Times, the Times

乐天

零冠词

1. 街名

2. 广场名

3. 车站, 机场, 公园, 桥梁名: Kennedy Airport, Beijing Railway Station, London Bridge

4. 大学名 Yale University, Cambridge University

5. 节日名National Day, May Day, News Years’ Day

6. 多数杂志名 Time, Reader’s Digest

7. 物质名词一般意义 Water boils at 100 degrees. We can not live without air.

8. 抽象名词Life is short. Art is difficult to appreciate.

1. used to do 用法

Used to do 表示过去常常做某事现在不做了

I used to get up at seven o’clock.

Experience, save, very/too

2. 比较级/最高级, 比较状语从句（见复合句-比较状语从句）

A/one的区别

3. 介词用法

Passed/past, next/other

4. 被动语态总结

一般现在时: is/am/are done

一般过去时: was/were done

现在进行时: is/am/are being done

现在完成时: have/has been done

过去完成时: had been done

一般将来时: will be done

过去将来时: would be done

过去进行时: was/were being done

情态动词: can be done, must be done, could be done, may be done, might be done,

情态动词完成式: can have been done, must have been done, could have been done, may have been done, might have been done,

Call at(拜访某地), call out at(大声喊), call on(拜访某人), call sb up(给某人打电话), call off(取消)

5. 主语+谓语(感官动词)+doing表示正在发生的事情,+do 表示已经完成的动作.

So/such

So+adj. /adv.

such+n.

固定用法：so many

6. 一般将来时will/be going to do

will/be going to do一般情况下可以相互替换,但是要表示说话人决定做某事或者表示建议,请求, 肯定或不肯定等含义时只能用will.

Watch/look at/follow, solid/firm/stable

7. 将来完成时

Hold/look, look forward to(期望), look out(当心), look up (查询,), look sb. up(拜访某人)

8. as if /though+虚拟语气, 过去完成时总结

as if /though 常在描述行为的动词后面使用, 如act/look/feel/appear/smell/sound, 后面要用虚拟语气

He looks as if he were a king.

Her skin feels as if it were silk.

The song sounds as if it were a sad story.

He looked as if he had never lived in England.

No sooner…than, hardly…when, country/countryside, continuously, continually,

No sooner…than 一…就… 与过去完成时连用

I had no sooner come into the room than it began to rain.

The bell had no sooner rung than the game began.

如果no sooner 放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装

No sooner had I come into the room than it began to rain.

No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain.

Hardly…when 几乎没来得及…就… 与过去完成时连用

He had hardly got the money when the policeman caught him.

I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended.

如果hardly…when放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装

Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him.

Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended.