语法混总

乐天

1. 直接引语变间接引语

1. 引语前用that, 口语中可以省略

2. 根据句意改变人称

3. 时态变化: 一般现在时-一般过去时, 一般过去时-过去完成时, 一般将来时-过去将来时, 现在进行时-过去进行时, 现在完成时-过去完成时, can-could, may-might, must-had to,

4. 一些指示代词及表示地点及时间的词

this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week- the week before, two days ago-two days before(earlier), tomorrow-the next (following) day, next week-the following week, here-there, come, bring-go, take

如果意思上没有必要改变就不用变了，比如在同一天说的话.

She said she would come again tonight.

He said he arrived yesterday morning.

几种特殊的间接引语

n 特殊疑问句, 语序要变为陈述语序

“Where are you going?” he asked.

He asked me where I was going.

n 一般疑问句, 要加if/whether

“Will you come tomorrow?” he asked.

He asked if I would come the next day.

n 祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择

“Stay here,” the policeman said.

The policeman requested him to stay there.

“Close the window, please,” my mother said.

My mother asked me to close the window.

常用的动词: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

2. 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法, make/do

对现在事实的虚拟, if从句中谈论的是想象的情况,主句则推测想象的结果

结构: 主句用过去时, 从句用过去将来时

If you came here earlier, you would catch the train.

If you spent more time on studying, you would get better result.

If I were you, I would accept this offer.

注意: 如果if从句中的动词是be, 那么应该在第一和第三人称单数名词后用 were.

Make/do用法

make conversation(聊天), make the bed(铺床), make a promise(许诺), make trouble(找麻烦), make progress(取得进步), make money(赚钱), make a speech(演讲,讲话), make mistakes(犯错误), make up one’s mind(下定决心)

do one’s best(尽最大努力), do one’s homework(做家庭作业), do a few jobs(做家务), do sb. a favour(帮忙), do work(工作), do exercise(做练习), do shopping(购物), do business(做生意)

3. 情态动词need, must, have to

1. need 一般作为实义动词使用

l 需要某物He needs a hat. Does he need a hat?

l 需要做某事need to do

I need to have a rest. You need to finish your work.

l 需要被…,主语与need 后的动词为被动关系:need doing=need to be done

The flowers need watering. =The flowers need to be watered.

2. need用做情态动词时一般为否定形式needn’t(不必要), 可以用来回答含有must, have to 的一般疑问句, 与don’t have to 同义

Must I wash the dishes? No, you needn’t.

3. need 完成式needn’t have done

4. mustn’t 表示不应该,一般口气比较强硬,没有商量.

You mustn’t get up late.

Remark/observe, notice

乐天

1. have 用法总结

have a ride(骑), have a look(看), have a wash(洗), have a swim(游泳), have a fight(打架), have quarrel(吵架), have a try(尝试), have a rest(休息), have a smoke(吸烟), have a good sleep(睡觉)

Pick sb up(接), pick up(拿出,学习,找到), pick out(挑出),

2. 情态动词can/could/be able to do

1. can 表示可能性

If you want, I can go with you.

2. 表示天生或学到的能力, 可以用can/could/be able to do, 三者都可以用在现在时和过去时中，在将来时中要用will be able to

3. 表示现在正在发生的事要用can

Look! He can stand on his head.

4. 表示成果的完成某个具体动作时通常不用could而用be able to, 表示某动作没有成功用couldn’t

Can he borrow a book successfully?

Yes, he was able to borrow a book from his sister. No, he couldn’t.

At 词组

At first(开始), at once(立即), at present(目前), at last(最后), at any rate(无论如何), at heart(本质上), at least(至少), at times(不时), at a loss(不知所措)

3. 复习动名词用法

1. 动名词可以做句子的主语,表语,宾语,介词宾语

2. 在含有介词的动词短语后面要用动名词, 如: look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, be tired of , be thirsty of, go on, insist on etc.

3. 有些动词后面既可用动名词也可以用不定式,所表达的意思没有区别,常见的词: start, begin, continue, delay, mean,

4. 有些动词后面加不定式表示一件具体的事情，加动名词表示一种习惯.

I like drinking coffee, but today, I like to drink some tea.

4. 复习

Steal/rob, pay back

Steal表示偷偷摸摸的偷, 其宾语一般为物品

rob表示抢劫,其宾语一般是人或者某个处所

pay back 还钱, 报复

5. 介词用法

6. 复习

suggest 用法, 当建议用时后面加虚拟should +动词原形, should 可以省略.

7. 复习

乐天

Summary of Unit 3

1. 复合句的构成：

u 用现在分词构成复合句：

现在分词的动作的主语需与主句的主语一致。

u 用过去分词构成复合句，用语较正式的文体，代替被动语态，

Wounded in the war, his are can not move freely.

Born in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of life.

u 不定式构成复合句，不定式表示目的：

To buy a new car, the young man saved up for years.

I went into the garden to pick some flowers.

u 通过从句构成复合句：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同谓语从句）， 关系从句（定语从句）， 状语从句（时间，地点，原因，条件，方式，目的，结果，比较，让步）

2. 复合句：

lose/loose/miss

expect/wait for

3. 一般过去时复习：

raise/rise, lay/lie, beat/win

4. 现在完成进行时

形容词变副词：

1． 直接在形容词后加-ly,

careful-carefully, slow-slowly,

2． 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I, 加-ly,

happy-happily, lucky-luckily

3． 有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化

fast, hard, late

4． 有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：

near-nearly, high-highly, late-lately,

5. 时态对比：一般过去时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时

throw to,/throw at/throw away

quite/quiet

cause/reason

drop/fall

6. Some, any的用法

n some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some

n many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.

I have a lot of money. I don’t have much money.

n 当一个名词在词组中表示主要目的时不要定冠词：

in bed, at church, at class, college, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, university,

go to school/church/work/

go to the cinema/theatre

n most表示大多数或非常：

Most students came to class today. We are most excited.

The most是many/much的比较级，或者构成形容词副词的比较级，只能表示最多或用在形容词或副词前面，

This is the most interesting book I have ever seen. I have the most books in my class.

7. Would/used to do

would do 表示过去习惯的动作，也可以用来表示过去经常性的行为，与used to do有时可以替换。不能替换的情况：

n used to do表示与现在强烈对照时，不可以用would

I used to get up early every day, but I get up very late now.

n used to do描写过去状态，would只表示过去特有的习惯和行为。

I used to be a teacher. I used to have a company.

I would walk along the river everyday after dinner.

n 一个故事的开头不能用would表示过去习惯的动作，只能用used to do或者一般过去时：

When I was a little girl, I always went to the cinema(I used to go to the cinema). I would sit there for hours.

used to do(过去常常做某事)/be used to doing（习惯做某事）

8. 比较级最高级复习：

很多：many/much/a great deal of/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a large sum of/a large amount of/a great many

handsome/beautiful/pretty/good-looking

reach/arrive

take part in/take place

乐天

1. 介词用法：

at表示某个具体的位置

in表示在。。。里面

off表示离开

in/with还可以表示穿戴,with可以表示带有或长有：a woman in a blue dress, a girl with a hat, a man with a beard

u make sb. do迫使某人做某事，变被动时要加to

His father made to quit his job. He was made to quit the job.

u Let sb. do表示允许某人做某事

Let’s表示建议：

Let’s go out for a walk. Let us go out please.

否定：Don’t let us…/Let’s don’t…

2. 被动语态/强调句型：

据说：it is said/ it was said that

强调：It is/was+ 被强调部分+that/who从句

I ate the apple two hours ago.

It was I who ate the apple two hours ago. It was the apple that I ate two hours ago.

I was tow hours ago that I ate the apple.

强调谓语用do+动词原型

I did eat the apple two hours ago.

Increase/grow

Gain/earn

Pick/cut

3. 表示目的的几种方式：

u 带to的不定式及其变体：in order to, so as to

I came to this school to/in order to/so as to learn English.

I came here not to study Chinese but to study English

So as not to/in order not to

Every morning I got up very early in order not to be late.

Want/bring/buy/need/take/use常用宾语+不定式，不定式常表示宾语的目的：

I want something to drink.

I need a pen to write.

Bring me a chair to sit.

u So that/in order that 引导的目的状语从句，

主句一般用现在时，现在完成时或一般将来时时，从句要用shall, may, can, will

He speaks very loudly in order that his grandpa can hear him.

She studies very hard so that she can enter university.

主句是一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时时，从句要用should, could, might, would

The teacher wrote the excerises on the blackboard so that the students would see them when they came in.

He sent a letter to his mother so that she could learn the good news.

如主句主语和从句主语不同时还可以用不定式+for+名词/代词

He sent a letter for his mother to learn the good news.

4. 现在进行时表示将来发生的动作：

arrive, come, go, leave用在现在进行时句子里可以表示不远的将来发生的事情。

Spring is coming. I am leaving Beijing in two days.

I’m meeting a guest this evening.

名词修饰名词：

car key, world record, flower shop, fur coat, gold watch, cigarette ends, horror film, chair leg

5. 时态对比：将来完成时，将来进行时，将来完成时

cost/price/value

6. 时态对比：过去完成时/过去完成进行时

check/control

great/big

soil/ground

乐天

1. 间接引语（祈使句）

祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择

“Stay here,” the policeman said.

The policeman requested him to stay there.

“Close the window, please,” my mother said.

My mother asked me to close the window.

常用的动词: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

insist/suggest/order/demand后要用虚拟语态should+do，should 可以省略

He insisted that we should stay for dinner.

2. 虚拟语态（过去条件句的虚拟）（见虚拟语态总结）

draw in/draw back/draw up/draw off

3. 情态动词：

1． Must/have to do表示必须做某事，must表示现在和将来，have to do 可以用在任何时态

2． Should do/ought to do都可以表示应该做某事，ought to do语气更强，一般用在肯定句。

3． Had to do 表示过去必须做某事，should have done, ought to have done表示过去本应该做某事而没做。

I should have told you the news earlier.

He ought to have known the rules.

4． Could have done表示本能够做某事而没做。

I could have saved more people.

5． Might/must have done表示对过去事实的推测

6． Couldn’t have done表示对过去事实的否定推测，表示不可能

He couldn’t have stolen the wallet.

Let sb. down, let sb. off, let sb. out, let sb. in

Agree/accept

Dress up/dress

4. Have用法：

have sth. done:

n 使别人为我们做某事

I have the car repaired. He has his hair cut. The officer had the clock checked.

n 表示某种遭遇：

I have my wallet stolen. He had his teeth knocked out. My sister has her bike stolen.

集合名词： 当这个名词作为一个整体使用时动词用单数，当这个名词作为一个组成整体的若干人时动词用复数。常见的有：family, crew, government, staff, class

5. 表示成功的做成某事：

managed to do, was able to do, succeeded in doing

表示没成功做某事：

did not manage to do, wasn’t able to do, didn’t succeed in doing

couldn’t do, tried to do

could do表示可能做某事

n say:

表示说，讲时，后面不能跟间接宾语，如果加用间接宾语加to， say sth. to sb.

表示道别，背诵

表达思想，意见

表示据说

词组：say a good word, say a prayer

n tell:

表示说，讲后面可跟双宾语, tell sb. sth.

常用于讲（实话，谎话，秘密）

辨别，分辨

说出时间

乐天

1. 动名词：

有些动词和形容词词组后要加动名词：

n admit, appreciated, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, excuse, feel, keep, like, forgive, mention, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest

n look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, give up, can’t help, can’t stand, take to, object to, keep on, put off, burst out

n opposed to, consent to ,dedicate to, devote to, admit to, confess to, fall to, in addition to, stick to, lead to, attribute to, get to

n be busy/worth/no good/use doing, have trouble/difficulty/problem/, spend time or money doing, have difficult time doing

动名词完成式的被动结构：having been done

当一个行为动作由另一个行为动作紧跟着时，第一个动作可以用after doing,来表达，动名词完成式强调第一个行为动作在第二个行为动作开始之前完成。

After he had been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.

After having been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.

After I had been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.

After having been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.

practise/advise, pratice/advice

enjoy/entertain/amuse

2. licence/license

3. 介词用法：

4. 复习：

official/employee/shop assistant/clerk/officer

hang/hung, hang/hanged

5. 复习：

summary of unit 4

74. get out(滚出去，出去)/get into（进去）/get on（进展）/get on with（继续，相处）/get off（逃脱）/get sth. off（取下）/get over（恢复，结束）/get though（通过考试，吃完）

变成：

grow: 渐渐变成，强调过程，比get更正式

get: 口语中最常用，同grow

turn: 变得和以往完全不同，往往是变坏，变色，变声，变质，turn red/pale/sour

g 进入某种状态，不好的状态，go bad ,go sour

come: 强调结果，come real, come true, come loose,

fall: 陷入，变成某种状态，后面不能加形容词比较级，fall asleep, fall ill

As usual/than usual

between/among

manager/director/headmaster/headmistress/principal/president

75. 非限定性定语从句

1． 用who, which引导，前面用逗号隔开，起补充说明的意思，如去掉不影响整个句子的意思。

The managers, who knew the event, held an emergent meeting.

2． Which可以指代前面的一句话

He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like.

3． 与限定性定语从句的区别，限定性定语从句是对先行词修饰限定，如果没有定语从句整个句子的意思就会改变，而非限定性从句只是起补充说明的作用，去掉以后不影响句意。例：

The visitors who knew the danger could not go any further.

那些知道危险的游客们不敢再往前走，（一部分人）

The visitors, who knew the danger, could not go any further.

游客们知道了危险不敢再往前走。（所有人）

B.C., A.D.

skin/leather/complexion

wax/candle

78. keep on/keep off/ keep away from/ keep up/ keep up with/ keep out/ keep sb.in

乐天

78. 倒装句：

1． 条件句中的倒装, （见虚拟语态）

2． 否定意义的副词放在句首，整个句子要倒装：never, seldom, little, not only, scarely, hardly, no sooner, on no occasion

Hardly had he stolen the wallet when he was caught by the police man.

No sooner had he arrived the cinema than the film began.

3． Only+ 状语， only after, only then

Only in this way could I finish the work timely.

Only after he had taken off his hat did I recognize him.

take off/take after/take up/take to/take in/take down/take over

80. on display/on show/on business/on foot/on duty/on the whole/on fire/on purpose/on the

average/on any account/on second thoughts

81. Cloth, clothing, clothes ， salute, greet, clear/clean

82. 形容词修饰名词顺序：

特性——形状，大小，长短——颜色——名词

a beautiful broad red carpet

a small blue case

an ugly long face

laugh/laugh at

wash/wash up

83. 在主句用though, if, although, until, when, while引导，可以省略主语和系动词

Though (he is) poor, he is satisfied with his conditions.

Until (you are) invited, you should not come.

If she (is in need), she will borrow money from her parents.

Temper/mood

84. 当宾语是不定式短语，动名词或从句时如果后面有宾语补语，必须用it做形式主语，think, find, feel, consider, make

He thought it easy to pass the examination.

I feel if right that he should be punished.

I think it wrong for people to behave like that.

85. Too…to的用法

to/enough的区别

86. Out of

1． Out of the way/fashion/order/sight/danger/sight（与in介词相反）

2． Out of breath/work/pring/cash/stock（没有，不足）

3． Out of politeness/kindness/pity/curiosity(出于)

Enough/fairly

Enough: 修饰形容词或副词/修饰名词/做代词使用

88. Run out of/run after/run over/run in/run into

89. free/single

queue/row

funny-amusing

90. And 连接的两个名词如果作为一个整体出现则用单数谓语动词

needle and thread, bacon and eggs, bread and butter, cheese and wine, fish and chips, a knife and fork, sausage and mash

91. Make for/make out/make up/make up for

92. So/neither的倒装句

so/neither+be+ 主语

so/neither+助动词+ 主语

so/neither+情态动词+ 主语

一般现在时, do, does/am, is, are

现在进行时, am, is, are

一般过去时, did

现在完成时, have, has

一般将来时, will, shall,

过去进行时，was, were

过去完成时，had

过去将来时, would

93. 重音：

重音在第一个音节上为名词，重音在第二个音节为动词：

present, insult, produce, record, process, protest, contrast, contest, rebel, conduct, export, import, increase, permit

乐天

88. 介词：

appear:强调观察者的主观看法

He appears to want to go.

It appears as if she would win.

He appears like a king.(别人觉得他像)

seem：根据某种迹象得出一种结论或看法

It seems to rain.

He seems like a king.(他的外表举止给人感觉像)

look：根据外表推断

He looks like a king.（他看起来像，但实际不是。）

wine

好贴,谢谢乐天!

loveangel

头晕眼花,谢谢!