语法混总

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不定式

学习非谓语动词要掌握两个概念：A.非限定动词的动作意义；B.非限定动词的形式。任何一个动词都可能有不同形式的非限定动词的形式；但是无论这个动词写成哪一种非限定动词形式，它表示的意义是不会改变的。那么在决定使用它的哪一种形式之前，我们必须首先判断它或者与它构成的短语在句中的语法成分；再根据它在这种特定语言环境中的意义去决定它的恰当形式。 1. 掌握几种非限定动词形式之间的主要区别。 非限定动词的形式主要有三种：不定式、分词和动名词。有时，这三种形式都可以充当同一个句子成分，如：它们都可以作定语、表语，又如：不定式和动名词都可以作主语、宾语；不定式和分词都可以作状语、宾语补足语，等等。即使是同一种非限定动词形式，各自也有不同的形式，如：主动式、被动式；一般式、进行式、完成式，等等。因此，不了解这些非限定动词形式之间的主要区别，就无法正确使用非限定动词。当然这些区别中，有些是因为语言规则和习惯确定的；但很多却是由于意义和逻辑而决定的. 2. 着眼于意义，使用正确的非限定动词形式。 着眼于意义的作用在于，去解决那些由于意义和逻辑而决定的区别问题。如上所述,在决定使用一个动词的哪一种非限定动词形式之前，我们必须首先判断它或者与它构成的短语在句中的语法成分；再根据它在这种特定语言环境中的意义去看它与其相关词所构成的关系；经过对这种关系的分析后，就可以决定它的非限定动词形式了。 用所给动词的恰当形式完成下面各句： 1) She wanted the work _____ (complete) by Friday. 2) She wanted us _____ ( complete ) the wok by Friday. 3) We extended a warm welcome to his _____ (come) to our party. 4) She looked _____ (disappoint) after she lost the game. 1) She wanted the work to be completed by Friday 2) She wanted us to complete the wok by Friday. 3）We extended a warm welcome to his coming to our party . 我们对他来参加我们的聚会表示了热情的欢迎。（代词的所有格作动名词的修饰语） 4）She looked disappointed after she lost the game.输掉那场比赛后，她看上去很失望。

1. 不定式 ( Infinitive ) 从本节开始，和接下来的两节，我们要就这类"不能独立地在句中充当谓语的动词或动词形式"分别地进行讨论。这类动词和由它们所构成的动词短语有这样几个共同的特征： # 它们都是从动词变过来的，虽不能独立地在句子里担当谓语，却可以直接充当（除谓语外）其他各种成分，如：主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补足语等。也就是说，它们可以起名词、形容词、副词等作用。 ## 由于它们都是从动词变过来的，所以它们依然保留着"动词的某些特征"--它们可以带有自己的宾语、状语。 我们先讨论一下不定式的句法功能，既不定式在句子中能担当那些句子成分。 1）主语 不定式作主语所表达的主要意思是"（要是去）做某事……"。那就是说，它尽管在此间相当于名词、代词的作用，但是它的动作意义却依然很强。另外，在正式的书面文体中，如果是不定式作句子的主语，那么要将不定式后置，而用引导词it 来取代它的"主语位置"。It 在句中没有任何意义，是句子的"形式主语"；真正的"逻辑主语"还是不定式。例如： To get there by air will take you only about two hours. 乘飞机去那儿记将只花你两个小时。 It will take you only about tow hours to get there by air. 乘飞机去那儿记将只花你两个时。 To do it once more needs time .将这件事再做一遍需要时间。 It needs time to do it once more. 将这件事再做一遍需要时间。 另外，如果要说明不定式短语的"逻辑主语"是谁，可在不定式前面加for引导的短语；在某些形容词作表语时，则要用以of引导的短语（这类形容词常见的有：kind , good , nice , wise , unwise , clever , silly , wrong , right , foolish , stupid , careless , considerate , rude , naughty , impolite）。例如： It is difficult for him to finish the work within one week. 让他在一周内完成这件工作是很困难的。 It is a pleasure for us to take part in the conference. 对我们来说，参加这个会议是件快事。 It is very kind of you to have given us so much help . 你给予我们这么多的帮助，真难为你了。 It is foolish of them to turn down the proposal . 他们拒不采纳那个建议是愚昧的。 2) 表语 不定式作表语所表达的主要意思是"说明或解释主语（要去）做什么事"。例如： Her best wish is to put her knowledge into practice. 她最大的愿望是将自己的知识用于实践。 His plan is to make a reform in their teaching methodology. 他的计划是要对他们的教学方法进行改革。 They appear to have accomplished their experiment. 他们似乎已成功地做完了试验。

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3) 宾语 不定式可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语；这类及物动词常见的有： advise (忠告) , agree (同意) , ask (请、要) , attempt (试图) , begin (开始) , care (想要) , choose (决定、要) continue (继续) , decide (决定) , desire (希望) , determine (决心) , expect (期望) , forget (忘记) , fail (未能) , hate (不喜欢) , hope (希望) , intend (打算) , learn (学习) , like (喜欢) , manage (设法) , mean (打算) offer (愿意) , plan (计划、打算) , prefer (宁愿) , pretend (假装) , refuse (拒绝、谢绝) , show (演示) , start (开始) , tell (告诉) , teach (教) , try (尽力) , undertake (保证、担保) , volunteer (自愿) , want (想要) , wish (希望)等等。例如： She learned to cook when she was young . 她年青的时候就学会做饭了。 His father promised to take him to Italy this summer. 他父亲答应今年夏天带他去意大利。 The girl showed us how to dance disco. 那位女孩给我们演示怎样跳迪斯科。 I didn't expect to win the first place in the competition. 我没想到会在比赛中获得第一名的。 They undertook to finish the work by Monday. 他们保证在星期一以前完成工作。 He didn't know whether to laugh or to cry when he heard the news. 他听到那个消息啼笑皆非。 I'd like to advise you what to do. 我要给你出主意怎么办。

4) 定语 英文中有很多名词能用不定式来作它们的定语，这些名词的"动词或形容词形式"后也常接不定式。这种情况可参照上面列举的"常用不定式作宾语的动词"情况。例如： He agreed ( v. )to join us .他同意和我们一起干。 We reached an agreement ( n. ) to the work together .我们达成协议共同干这工作。 She is able ( adj. ) to speak four languages .她能讲四种语言。 She has an ability ( n.) to speak four languages .她有讲四种语言的能力。 They plan ( v. ) to develop a new product .他们计划研制一种新产品。 They made a plan ( n. ) to develop a new product .他们制订了一个研制新产品的计划。 了解了上述情况后，我们再来看看那些常见的，能用不定式来作它们定语的名词有哪些： ability (能力，可能) , agreement (同意) , ambition (雄心，野心) , attempt (试，企图) , anything (任何事) , anybody (任何人) , a great deal (许多东西) , anxiety (焦急的心情) , campaign (运动，活动) , chance (机会) , claim (要求，主张) , courage (勇气) , decision (决定) , determination (决心) , effort (努力) , exercise (练习) , eagerness (急切的心情) , failure (失败) , hope (希望) , item (节目) , intention (意图) , man (人) , motive force (动力) , meeting (会议) , nobody (无人) , nothing (无事) , need (需要) , offer (提供、建议) , opportunity(机会) , person (人) , plan (计划) , promise (允诺) , room (房间) , right (权力) , refusal (拒绝、谢绝) , seat (座位) , someone (某人) , something (某事) , struggle (斗争) , time (时间) , thing (事情) , way (方法) , wish (希望)等等。另外，序数词first ，second 等以及last，best，only 等词也常用不定式来作它们的定语。

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5) 状语 不定式作状语时，往往是接在不及物动词的后面，修饰谓语动词；表示谓语动作发生的。 A）目的、B）结果、C）原因、D）程度，等等。例如： A）作目的状语 She came to see me yesterday .她昨天来看我了。 He has been to New Zealand to have his further study. 他曾去新西兰深造过。 The man has to do some part-time jobs in his spare time so as to support his family .那人为了养家不得不在业余时间做些另活。 You should study even harder in order to be a top student. 要当尖子学生，你应更加努力学习。 B）作结果状语 He dwelled so much on the problem only to show his unawareness of the solution to it. 他在这个问题上说了这么一大些，只能暴露出他对解决问题的办法一无所知。 They were too excited to say a word .他们太激动了以至说不出一句话来了。 What she has said to make you so sad? 她说了些什么让你如此伤心？ I returned home that day to find that everything was being in good order .那天我回到家却发现一切会那么井井有条。 C）作原因状语 I am sorry to hear that.听到这事我很难过。 They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house. 发现屋子里空无一人，他们很奇怪。 To see him behaved in that way, I would think that he must have got something wrong with himself . 看到他这样的行为，我想他肯定有点不对劲。 D) 作程度状语 She wouldn't be so silly to say that .她不会傻得去说那件事的。 He was so rude to show the lady his pants. 他粗鲁得将他的短裤给那位妇女看。

6)补足语 不定式作补足语主要是指--不定式在某些动词后面作宾语补足语；当这种含不定式作宾语补足语的句子写成被动结构时，原句中的"宾语补足语"就变成被动句中的"主语补足语"了。在不定式作宾语补足语的结构中，有两种情况：

A）常见的用"带to的不定式作宾语补足语"的及物动词有： advise (劝告) , ask (请、要) , allow(允许、让) , beg(请求) , cause (使) , command (命令) , compel (强迫) , encourage (鼓励) , expect (预料) , force (迫使) get (让) , hate (不喜欢) , help (帮助) , invite (邀请) , intend (想要) , instruct (指令) , leave (留给) , like (喜欢) , oblige (迫使) , order (命令) , permit (允许) , persuade (劝说) , prefer (宁愿) , press (强求) , remind (提醒) , request (要求) , urge (催促) , warn (警告) , want (想要) , wish (希望) 另外，还有某些短语的后面也可以用这样的复合宾语，这样的成语动词常见的有： call on (号召), count on (仰仗) , depend on (依靠) , long for (渴望) , prevail upon (说服) , rely on (依靠) , vote for (投票) , wait for (等待) 。例： I didn't mean you to hear it .我没打算让你听到这事。 He would not like her to go with him .他不愿意她和他一块去。 Don't allow him to come in at this moment.不要让他在这会儿进来。 Tom will get someone to repair your video-recorder.汤姆将找人给你修录像机。 Please remind me to post the letter this afternoon.请提醒我下午把信寄出去。 The students are waiting for the library to open.学生们在等候图书馆开放。 They'll vote for Little Bush to be President.他们将选小布什当总统。 I prevailed him to reconsider his decision. 我说服他重新考虑他作的决定。

B）不带to的不定式作宾语补足语常见的，用"不带to的不定式作宾语补足语"的及物动词有： feel (感到) , hear (听到) , have (让、使) , help (帮助) , let (让) , make (使) , notice (注意到) , see (看见) , watch (观看) , listen to (听) , look at (瞧、看) 。例如 ： The story made all of us laugh .那故事使大伙都笑了。 Be sure to have him come before dark .一定让他在天黑前回。 Nobody noticed them leave the house .没有人注意到他们离开了屋子。 We listened to him play a piece by Chopin on the piano. 我们倾听他用钢琴演奏肖邦的曲子。 She looked at the cat jump .她瞧着猫跳。

C) 作主语补足语要特别注意作主语补足语的不定式必须带 "to"。例如： They were even made to work on weekends by the boss. 他们甚至被老板逼得周末都要上班。 We can be depended on to carry on the work. 可以靠我们来进行这个工作。 Someone was heard to open the door . 听见有人开门。 He was finally prevailed upon to take the job. 最后，他被说服接受了这个工作。

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我们在前面提到过，不定式没有"表示时间的变化形式"。那就是说，我们仅从不定式本身是无法判断"不定式动作发生的时间"，这种变化形式表现在谓语动词上。但不定式却有"动作进行状态的表达方式"--它们有"进行式"、"完成式"。这种不同"体"的形式是用来表示：不定式动作与谓语动作发生的时间先后关系的。 1) 当我们不强调这种"时间先后关系"时，用不定式的"一般式"。这时在实际意义上， 不定式的动作或是与谓语动作"几乎同时发生"或是"发生于谓语动作之后"。例如： I didn't hear her say that . ( 几乎同时发生 ) 我没有听见她说那件事。 Mr. Rieder was invited to make a speech at the meeting. ( 发生于谓语动作之后 )里德先生应邀在会议上发言。 2) 不定式的"进行体"强调不定式的动作正在发生，并"与谓语动作同时发生"。例如： It is very kind of you to be thinking of us .难得你为我们着想。 They seem to be getting along quite well .他们看起来相处得很好。 We surely like everything here to be going well .我们当然愿意这里一切顺利。 He pretended to be listening to the teacher attentively .他假装在专心地听讲。 I'm so happy to be working with you .与你一道工作我很高兴。 3) 不定式的"完成式"则表示不定式的动作业已发生，并"发生于谓语动作之先"。例如： I regret to have treated her in that manner .我很抱歉用那种态度对待她。 I'm sorry to have left you here alone so long .对不起，让你一个人在这里呆了这么久。 She is said to have published a new book .据说她又出版了一本书。 They seem to have known about it already .他们似乎已经知道了这件事儿。 We happened to have come across the article once .我们碰巧有一次见过这篇文章。 不定式也有"被动式形式"。这种形式主要是说明不定式的逻辑主语与不定式动作之间是"动宾关系"。因此，在决定某个不定式是否使用"被动式形式"之前，必须要根据上下文准确无误地找到、或正确地理解它的"逻辑主语"--也就是不定式动作的执行者。 A) 与不定式相邻的名词、代词可能是不定式的"逻辑主语"，例如： It is an honour for me to be invited to attend the conference . 应邀出席这个会议是我的荣耀。 She wanted the work to be completed by Friday . 她希望这个工作在星期五以前完成。 He asked to be given a chance to work in the USA . 他申请给他一个去美国工作的机会。 These books are not allowed to be taken out.这些书不得拿出去。 You are invited to banquet to be given at the embassy . 恭请出席在使馆举行的宴会。 B) 与不定式相邻的名词、代词不一定是不定式的"逻辑主语"例如： He has nothing to do . 他无事可做。 They still have many difficulties to overcome. 他们仍有许多要克服的困难。 We found this accent difficult to imitate. 我们发现这种口音很难模仿。

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翻译练习

1. 会议被推迟到下星期。

The meeting is postponed/put off/deferred to next week.

2. 这封信今天不必寄出去。

The letter doesn’t need to be sent today.

3. 你的作业将由老师批改，他们已经被送到她那里了。

Your assignments will be corrected by the teacher. They have been sent to the teacher.

4. 博物馆的将在一年之内建好。

The museum will be completed in one year’s time/within a year.

5. 录音机修好了吗？没有呢，还正在修着呢。

Has the tape recorder been fixed? Not yet, it is being repaired.

6. 上个星期发行了一部关于马可。波罗（Marco Polo）的电影。

A movie about Marco Polo was released last week.

7. 每个房间都装了空调。

Air-conditioner is installed in every room.

8. 在旧时代，女性受歧视。

Women were looked down on in old days.

9. 由于洪水的威胁，这个村庄的人必须马上撤走。（evacuate）

The village must be evacuated because of the floods.

10. 如果你给学生太多负担，他们会感到灰心的。

If you lay too much burden on students, they will be frustrated.

11. 他告诉我他当时就想读那本书。

He told me he wanted to read the book then.

12. 他问我第二天是否会和他一起去购物。

He asked me whether I would go shopping with him the next day.

13. 她问我前一天我去哪了。

He asked where I had gone the day before.

14. 他说大气污染是个严重问题。

He said air pollution is a serious problem.

15. 我们老师说，莎士比亚死于1616年。

Our teacher said Shakespeare died in 1616.

16. 那个女孩说她不想看到这么多人笑话她父亲。

The girl said she didn’t want to see so many people laugh at her father.

17. 马戏团团长告诉警察他不知道这些交通规则。

The circus owner told the police that he didn’t know these rules.

18. 病人告诉他的家属他已经在医院里住了一个月了。

The patient told his relative that he had been in hospital for a month.

19. 我父亲告诉我他昨天已经把那棵树砍倒了。

My father told me that he had cut down that tree yesterday.

20. 他说他明天就要离开我了。

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He said he would leave me tomorrow.

1. 你能告诉我你对那个女孩做了什么吗？

Can you tell me what you have done to the girl?

2. 在一个充斥了如此多信息的世界，我们已经习惯了（应对）那些细小的（trivia），数不清的不重要的信息。

In a world filled with so much information, we have become used to trivia and countless bits of unimportant information.

3. 尽管受到激烈的批评，体育馆还是按照原来的设计建造的。

Despite heated criticism, the stadium was built according to the original design.

4. 如果你想让人们对你说的话有信心， 你需要用一种有效而且精干的方式说出来

If you want people to have confidence in what you are saying, you need to present yourself in an efficient and capable way.

5. 随着圣诞节的越来越近，那种兴奋每日递增，特别在当学校开始放两周的圣诞节假期的时候。The excitement builds with every day as Christmas approaches, and especially as school lets out for the two week Christmas holiday

6. 钱是和每个人的生计相关的东西。

Money is something related to everyone’s livelihood.

7. 我还没决定下学期上哪些选修课。

I haven’t decided which course to take next term.

8. 他不满足与他所取得的成就。

He is not satisfied with what he has achieved.

9. 我正想知道这封信是否超重了。

I am wondering whether this letter is overweight.

10. 我们坚信我们会克服这些困难。

We are confident that we will overcome/transcend these difficulties.

11. 你的论文写的很不错，就是结构有些松散。（except）

Your paper is quite good except the structure is a little loose.

12. 如果你受到的服务比你预期的要差，你完全有权利去投诉。

If the service you receive is worse than you expect, you have every right to complain.

You have every right to complain if the service you receive falls short of what you expect.

13. 提高公司意味着增加购买力。

To raise salary means raising purchasing power.

14. 懂一点英语是一回事， 掌握英语完全是另外一回事。

To know some English is one thing, to master is completely another.

15. 知道自己的局限性很重要。

It is important to know your own limitations.

16. 说别人闲话是不对的。（gossip）

It is not right to gossip about others..

17. 我用了一年的时候才省出钱来买一件新的大衣.

It took me one year to save money for a new coat.

18. 你真大方，捐了这么多钱。

It is very generous of you to contribute so much money.

19. 处理这件事情是他的职责。

It is his duty to handle this matter.

20. 这是一件值得记住的愉快的事情。

It is a pleasant thing to remember.

21. 我需要几天的时间来考虑你的提议。

I need several days to consider your proposal.

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非谓语结构

动名词

1． 动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时称为动名词。动名词可以做主语，标语，宾语，介词宾语定语（即复合名词）

2． 动名词的几种形式：

	主动形式	被动形式
一般式	doing	being done
完成式	having done	having been done

乐天

a) 做主语：

动名词作主语与不定式作主语在语序位置方面较相似，但在表达意思上有差异。动名词作主语时，它已经将动作名词化了，已把某个动作视为某种活动或是某件事情了，动作意义很弱，比较抽象。而不定式作主语的动作意义较强，多指"要是去做某事"，这种动作往往是"要发生的一次性动作",比较具体，如：

Finding work is difficult now.

Watching TV is my favorite pastime.

Reading English aloud in the morning will do you a lot of good . 早晨朗读英文会给你带来许多好处。

动名词作主语时，也常用"It is …"和"There is …"两种句型。 "It is …"的句型常用于说明"某种活动或是某件事情是如何，如何"。强调事物的性质、特征等。常用于It is后面的词有：no good , no use , useless , a waste, worthwhile , dangerous等等。句型"There is …"往往用于说明"不允许、禁止某种活动或是某件事情发生或存在"。类似一种建议、命令等。例如：

It is no good learning without practice. 学而不实践是没好处的。 It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again. 很值得再向你的指导老师咨询一下这个问题。

There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。 There is no denying the fact that China has made a rapid progress in every aspect since it was founded. 不容抵赖这个事实，中国自它成立以来已在各个方面都取得了飞速的发展。

There is no littering about. 不许乱扔杂物

b) 做表语：

动名词作表语主要说明"主语是做什么的、或是怎么回事"， 动作意义弱，较抽象；而现在分词作表语则主要是表示"主语的性质、特征等"；不定式作表语却主要说明或解释"主语（要去）做什么事"，它比动名词更为具体，动作意义更强。例如： Their task is exploring oil mines in the west. （动名词） 他们的任务是在西部探查油矿。

My main hobby is reading.

One of her duties is growing roses.

My job is teaching.

c) 做宾语：常见的与动名词连用的动词有： avoid (避免) , cease (停止) , can't help (忍不住) , consider (考虑) , deny (抵赖) , delay (拖延) , enjoy (喜欢) , endure (忍受) , escape (逃离) , excuse (原谅) , finish (完成) , give up (放弃) , imagine (想象) , keep on (继续) , leave off (结束、省去) , mind (介意、反对) , miss (错过) , need (需要) , postpone (推迟) , practice (练习) , put off (推迟) , require (需要) , risk (冒险) , stop (停止) , suggest (建议) 等。例如：

I like taking with famous people.

We enjoy learning English.

The flowers need watering.

d) 介词宾语：常用的一些加动名词的动词词组（注意总结）：take part in, look forward to , insist on, be interested in,

He is fond of watching football matches.

He went away without saying a word.

He is looking forward to your coming.

乐天

a) 做定语：

单个的动名词作定语主要是说明被修饰词的作用、意义等； 而单个的现在分词作定语则主要是表示被修饰词正在做什么。请看下面的比较：

动名词作定语		现在分词作定语
swimming pool 游泳池 ( the pool for swimming)		working people 劳动人民 ( the people who are working)
reading material 阅读材料		sleeping child 熟睡孩子
walking stick 手杖		developing countries 发展中国家
opening speech 开幕词		running water 自来水

b) 动名词的否定：

在动名词前面加not,

I am sorry for not telling you. 很抱歉没告诉你。

乐天

a) 动名词完成式：

动名词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时，动名词要用完成式。如：

Having caught the fierce murder, the police felt relieved at last. 在抓住那个凶狠的杀人犯之后，警察终于感到松了口气。

I remember having told you about him.我记得告诉过你关于他的事。

He denied having commited perjury.他否认曾做过伪证。

b) 动名词逻辑主语

动名词的动作发出者有时与句子的主语不是同一个发出者，这时候需要在动名词前面加一个逻辑主语，逻辑主语可以由名词所有格，代词宾格或形容词性物主代词来充当，如：

We are looking forward to the professor’s coming. 我们期待着教授的到来。

Do you mind my smoking here? 你介意我在这里吸烟吗？

Excuse my interrupting you. 请原谅我打断了你。