语法混总

乐天

动词不定式

一． 结构：

	主动语态	被动语态
一般式	To study	To be studied
进行式	To be studying
完成式	To have studied	To have been studied

当不定式的逻辑主语与动词是被动关系是要用被动形式。一般式表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或在它之后发生，进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动作同时存在，完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。

It’s my honor to be asked to have a speech here. 很荣幸被邀请在此做演讲。

乐天

He told us to have seen the famous actor. 他告诉我们他曾经是个有名的演员。

Many sailors claimed to have seen monsters in the sea.很多水手声称在海里看到过怪物。

The book is about to published in a month. 这本书会在一个月后出版。

一． 作用：主语，表语，宾补，定语，状语

1． 主语：

To talk with you is my pleasure.

To learn English is difficult.

常用it 做需主语：It is difficult to learn English.

It is my pleasure to meet you here.在此遇到你真是我的荣幸。

2． 表语：系动词+不定式

My duty is to teach you English.

Her wish is to become a rich woman.

3． 宾语

l 动词+不定式: want to do, wish to do, like to do, decide to do

l 形容词+to+动词原形

ready, eager, anxious, able, sure, glad, sorry, afraid, free, pleased, determined, willing, angry, careful, certain, clever, considerate, difficult, easy, fit, happy, wrong, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, right, unable, unwilling,

l 动词+疑问词+不定式

如果宾语从句的主语与前面动词的主语一致时可以省略主语，常用：when, where, how, what, when, whether, which, why, whom,

I don’t know what to do. 我不知道该怎么做。

Could you tell me how to spell the name? 你能告诉我怎么拼写你的名字吗？

I haven’t decided which day to start. 我还没决定哪天开始呢。

4．不定式做补语：

动词+名词/代词+不定式

动词+it+形容词（名词）+不定式, consider, judge, make, feel, think

Please remind me to post the letter this afternoon.请提醒我今天下午给他寄信。

The students are waiting for the library to open. 学生们正在等着图书馆开门。

5． 定式做定语：

He is the only one to arrive late. 他是唯一一个来晚的人。

She is the first girl to swim across the channel. 她是第一个横跨这个海峡的人。

Beijing is a good place to visit. 北京是个值得旅游的好地方。

6． 做状语

表目的：to/so as to/in order to,

She came to see me yesterday. 她昨天来看我了。

He has been to New Zealand to have his further study. 他已经去过新西兰进修过了。

You should study even harder in order to be a top student 你要是想成为一个优等生就得学习更努力。

有些已经成为独立的成分作为插入语存在：to be honest, to tell you the truth, to begin with, to be sure, to conclude, to make things worse…

表结果：to/only to/too…to…/so… as to…+ 动词原型

A few years later, he came here to find that his hometown had greatly changed. 几年以后他来到这里，发现他的家乡变化很大。

Would you be so kind as to help me with my English study? 你能不能好心教教我学习英语？

I returned home that day to find that everything was being in good order. 那天我回家，发现所有的东西都很整齐。

乐天

一． 不定式的逻辑主语

for +名词（或代词宾格）＋不定式

It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese.

I found it is impossible for me to finish the task on time.

在表示人物性格，素质等的形容词后，常用of 引出不定式的逻辑主语。good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right

It is very kind of you to help us.

It is very cruel of him to kill the child.

二． 省略to

1． 在某些表示感觉的词及使役动词后的不定式做宾补时：feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, make, have , let, bid

My son made me give up smoking. 我的儿子使我借了烟。

He has the workman clean the room. 他让工人把房间清理了。

I saw her cross the street.我看见她过了马路。

The story made all of us laugh. 这个故事把我们大家都逗乐了。 Be sure to have him come before dark. 一定要让他天黑之前来。 Nobody noticed them leave the house.没人注意他们已经离开了房子。

注意：变被动时要加上to

He was made to kill the child.他是被迫杀死那个孩子的。

She was seen to cross the street. 她被看见过了那条街。

They were even made to work on weekends by the boss. 他们被老板逼着在周末也工作。

Someone was heard to open the door. 听到有人在开门。

2． 在except/but之前如果有动词do 的任何形式，后面的不定式不用to

We can do nothing but wait. 我们除了等什么都做不了。

如果没有do,要加上to,

I had no choice but to take the test.我除了参加考试别无选择。

3． Help 后面可以加也可以不加

4． Would rather/had better/can’t help but/would sooner/can not choose but后面的不定式不带to

He can not help but choose the last one.

I would rather not tell you the bad news.我宁愿没告诉你那个坏消息。

现在分词与过去分词

做定语：

我们可以用现在分词或过去分词做定语修饰名词：

u 现在分词作定语与名词的关系是主动，表示动作是由名词发出的。

A flying bird, an interesting book, a sleeping dog, a crying girl, passing planes

It is a convincing example.这是一个令人信服的例子.

It is a boring film.这是一部枯燥乏味的电影.

Complete the following sentence.请完成以下句子.

u 过去分词作定语与名词的关系是被动

fired chicken, lost money, broken heart, ploughed field , deserted land

This is one of the required subjects.这是必修课之一。

They rented a furnished apartment.他们租了一套有家具的房间。

u 现在分词短语和过去分词短语做定语要放在名词的后面，相当于一个定语从句：

a plane flying over the bridge,a mouse called Jimmy

Look at the man sitting on the rock. 看那个坐在岩石上的人。

There was a long line waiting outside the cinema.有长长的一队人在电影院门口等。

She bought a computer produced in Shanghai.她买了一台产于上海的电脑。

This is the first skycrapter designed by our engineer.这是第一个 由我们的工程师建造的摩天大楼。

做状语：

现在分词做状语主要对谓语动词修饰，烘托，过去分词做状语主要是说明位于动作发生的背景，条件。分词做状语，常用来说明谓语动作发生的原因，方式，时间，结果等。现在分词做状语必须与谓语动词是同一个主语，过去分词做状语与谓语动词的主语是被动关系，相当与一个被动语态的状语从句。

表示时间：

Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.

Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.

While crossing the street, the old man was knocked.

Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks significant.

Compared with other women, she was fortunate.

表示伴随，方式：

She went out of the room weeping.

Feeling tired, I went to bed early.

I phoned again, making sure I had the right number. 我再打了次电话，肯定号码是正确的。

Kate is was sitting in a chair reading.

Dressed in a fur coat and with an umbrella in one hand, the lady went in.

表示原因：

Not having a car, she finds it difficult to go around.由于她没有汽车，她感到行动困难。

Not knowing her address, we wasn’t able to contact her.

Being out of work, he hasn’t got much money.由于失去了工作，他没什么钱。

表示结果：

Her husband died two years ago, leaving her five children.

Armed with a new machine, the party searched the cave hoping to find gold.

乐天

从句

定语从句（限定性）

定语从句由关系代词who, that, which, whom, whose引导, 修饰人时可用who/that/whom, 修饰物时用that/which, whose 起所有格作用,表示”…的”. 定语从句所修饰的名词称做先行词. 关系代词在从句从可以做主语也可做宾语.

1. 关系代词做主语

The girl who came this morning is my sister. 今天早上来的那个女孩是我姐姐。

The book which I lent you is my favourite.我借给你的书是我最喜欢的。

He is the man that sells bags.他就是那个卖包的人。

She is the lady who teaches us.他就是那个教我们的女士。

The man who offered me a job was Australian. 那个给我提供一份工作的人是澳大利亚人。

2. 关系代词做宾语.

The man whom I talked to is a policeman. 刚才和他说话的那个人是个警察。

She is the girl that I met yesterday. 她就是我昨天碰到的女孩。

This is just the book that I want. 这就是我想要的书。

This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday . 这就是你昨天找的那本书。 I don't like the novel ( that ) you are reading .我不喜欢你看的这本小说。 Who is the man ( whom ) you're talking about ? 你们谈论的那个人是谁？

当关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略, whom 可用that 代替, 在口语中常用who 或者省略.

3. whose 表示所有格, whose +名词在从句中做主语或宾语

The boy whose sister is a teacher is standing at the door. 那个姐姐是个老师的男孩正站在门口。

I like the TV set whose brand is Haixin. 我喜欢海信牌的电视。

I have a book whose name is Love Story.我有一本书，名字叫爱情故事。

4. 当定语从句前面有介词的时候, 关系代词只能用which或whom，不能用that, who

This is the house in which I lived.这就是我过去住的房子。

The man from whom we bought the tickets is a liar.我们从他那买票的人是个骗子。

That不能紧跟在介词后面，但是把介词放在句尾, 则可以用that

This is the house that I lived in.

This is the man that I talked with.

5. all, everyone, no one, nobody, those, the only, 最高级后面一般不用that.

That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。 We have to consider the first thing that starts our work . 我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。

This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . 这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。

6. 定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数：

This is the magazine which was sent to me by post . 这就是通过邮局寄给我的杂志。

Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon.

今天下午40岁左右的人要求做一次体检。

I am the only one who is chosen to recite the poem. 我是唯一一个被抽到背诗的人。

Only one of the students who were born in America knows some Chinese. 那些出生在美国的孩子们中只有一个人懂中文。

7. 还可以用when, where, why等关系副词引起定语从句关系副词 = 介词 + which 。也就是说，每个关系副词里本身就已经含有了一个介词：when = 在什么时候，where = 在什么地方，why = 为什么原因。

When:先行词常用time, day, moment, occasion, week, month

Where先行词常用place, room, spot, city,country

Why 先行词常用reason

1995 is the year when I was born.

This is the village where he was born.

He didn’t tell me the reason why he left.

乐天

非限制性定语

非限制性定语从句只能用who, whom ,whose, which 引导，它与被修饰词是一种解释，说明的关系，如果去掉不会影响整句的意思。非限定性定语从句一般与主句用逗号隔开：

The visitors, who knew the danger, didn’t go any further.

游客们知道了危险，不再往前走了。（全部游客都知道了）

比较：

The visitors who knew the danger didn’t go any further.

那些知道危险的游客不在往前走了。（有些还不知道）

The old man has a son , who is in the army . 那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。（"这位老人只有一个儿子" ）

The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。（"这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作"。）

非限定定语从句中还可以用关系代词代指前面的整句，常用的关系代词有which, that:

The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。

He has to work on weekends, which makes him very annoyed. 他必须在周末上班这让他很烦。 As I know , she hasn't got married . 如我所知，她还未结婚。

They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.可以预料，他们在比赛中得了第一。

定语从句练习：

这是去年洪水过后我们修建的水库（reservoir）.

This is the reservoir that we built after the flood last year.

我永远都不会忘记我考上大学的那一天。

I will never forget the day when I was admitted into the university.

分不清颜色的人是色盲。

People who can not distinguish between colors are said to be colour-blinded.

字典是解释词的意义的书。

A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of the words.

这就是我不赞成修改计划的原因。

That is the reason why I am not in favour of revising the plan.

他就是你一直在寻找的人。

He is the man you are looking for.

我们两个国家是有着悠久友谊的邻邦。

Our two countries whose friendship is of long standing.

昨天我们看了一部关于世界大战的电影。

Yesterday we saw a movie which was about the World War.

他是个电影明星目前正在经商。

He is a movie star who is going into business.

有个人跟在你后面很长时间了。

There is a man who follows behind you for a long time.

我认识一个老板，他想成为一个明星。

I know a boss who wants to be a movie star.

这就是我们度假时住的那家酒店。

This is the hotel at which we stayed during our holiday.

这就是我父亲工作过的地方。

This is the place where my father worked.

我还记得那个晚上，你对我说要离开我。

I still remember the night when you said you would leave me.

这个女孩记不起任何关于她家庭的事情，她的父母在她很小的时候就去世了。

The girl whose parents died at her early age can not remember any thing about her family.

这个班有20多个学生，其中大多数都比我受过更好的语言训练。

This class had twenty students, most of whom had had better language training than I.

他经常迟到，弄的大家感到很厌烦。

He is always late, which generally managed to annoy everybody.

全世界都知道，中国是一个伟大的国家。

As is known to the world, china is great country.

乐天

表语从句

1) 表语从句多数由that 引起，有时可以省略

The fact is that he doesn’t want to come. 事实是他不想来。

The reason is that he isn’t making efforts.原因是他根本就没努力。

My opinion is you should go together. 我的观点是你应该一块去。

表语从句也可以由连接代词或连接副词引起，表示原因用why,表示方式用how,表示时间用when，表示地点用where, etc.

That is how I come here. 这就是我怎么来的这里。

That’s why I go away. 这就是我走的原因。

That’s where you are wrong. 这就是你错的地方。

The problem is who can send this letter.问题是谁能去送这封信。

2) 关系代词what 也可以引导表语从句

I want to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be.我想当老师，这就是我想做的。

Fame is what he is looking for. 名望是他所追寻的东西。

He is no longer what he was.他再也不是原来的他了。

宾语从句：

1． 动词+宾语从句

常用的动词有：think, believe, find, say, suggest, know, understand, etc.

可以用that, whether, if, what, whatever,及连接副词引导宾语从句：

He found that his long lost brother was still alive.他发现他失踪很久的哥哥还活着。

Do you know that the test has been postponed to next week?你知道考试已经推到下周了吗？

I want to know whether you can go with me.我想知道你能不能和我一起去。

The old man thought his son would support him when he grew old, but he was mistaken.老人本来想到他老的时候他的儿子能养活他，但是他错了。

He won’t tell me what he has done.他不告诉我他做了什么。

I will do what I can.我会做我能够做到的事情。

He has got what he wanted.他已经得到了他想要的东西。

He asked where I hade been hiding.他问我我一直躲在哪？

Can you tell me how I can solve this problem?你能告诉我如何解决这个问题吗？

I forget what his name is.我忘记他的名字是什么了。

注意：如果要把一般疑问句或特殊疑问句变成宾语从句要改成陈述语序，并且主句和从句的时态要前后统一。

What are you doing? She wanted to know.

She wanted to know what I was doing.

Are you Miss Zhang? They wondered.

They wondered whether I was Miss Zhang.

2． be+形容词+宾语从句

常见的词有：afraid, sure, confident, certain, etc.

I am afraid he can not come on time.我恐怕他不能按时到达。

The people are confident that they will be liberated.人民很坚信他们将会得到解放。

Are you sure that he is the man you want?你肯定他就是那个你想要的人吗？

乐天

主语从句

一． 主语的构成：名词，代词，数词，动名词，不定式，词组，从句

二． 分类：

1． That引导的主语从句：

That she will come is for sure.

That he became a teacher made his father very happy.

2． 连词/代词/whether引导的主语从句：

Who will be our new teacher is not certain.

Whether he will come or not is a question.

When you arrive doesn’t matter.

2． What 引导

What you said is quite right.

What you need is a bag.

What he said shocked me.

Whatever I do is just for you.

三． 主语后置：

l Be +形容词+从句

It is strange that it hasn’t been noticed before.

It is clear why he was angry.

l Be +名词+从句

It is a pity that he didn’t come.

It is a mystery how I passed the exam.

l 动词+宾语/状语+从句

It happened that the door was unlocked.

It shocked me that nobody is in the classroom.

l 被动语态+从句

It is said that there has been an earthquake.

It was reported that our team had won the game.

It is unknown where they went.

同位语从句

有很多名词后面可以跟that 引起的从句，说明其内容，可以称做同位语从句

I received a message that she would be late.

This is the fact that she is sick.

同位语从句中的that 一般不可以省略。

注意：同位语从句与定语从句的区别：

在定语从句中that 在从句中做主语或宾语， 在同位语从句中that不做任何成分。

The news that makes me very happy is from my brother.

The news that my brother has won the game makes me very happy.

在少数情况下也可以用连接副词（代词）引起的从句做同位语

He had no idea why she left.

You have not idea how worried I was.

乐天

主语从句

一． 主语的构成：名词，代词，数词，动名词，不定式，词组，从句

二． 分类：

1． That引导的主语从句：

That she will come is for sure.

That he became a teacher made his father very happy.

2． 连词/代词/whether引导的主语从句：

Who will be our new teacher is not certain.

Whether he will come or not is a question.

When you arrive doesn’t matter.

2． What 引导

What you said is quite right.

What you need is a bag.

What he said shocked me.

Whatever I do is just for you.

三． 主语后置：

l Be +形容词+从句

It is strange that it hasn’t been noticed before.

It is clear why he was angry.

l Be +名词+从句

It is a pity that he didn’t come.

It is a mystery how I passed the exam.

l 动词+宾语/状语+从句

It happened that the door was unlocked.

It shocked me that nobody is in the classroom.

l 被动语态+从句

It is said that there has been an earthquake.

It was reported that our team had won the game.

It is unknown where they went.

同位语从句

有很多名词后面可以跟that 引起的从句，说明其内容，可以称做同位语从句

I received a message that she would be late.

This is the fact that she is sick.

同位语从句中的that 一般不可以省略。

注意：同位语从句与定语从句的区别：

在定语从句中that 在从句中做主语或宾语， 在同位语从句中that不做任何成分。

The news that makes me very happy is from my brother.

The news that my brother has won the game makes me very happy.

在少数情况下也可以用连接副词（代词）引起的从句做同位语

He had no idea why she left.

You have not idea how worried I was.

乐天

状语从句

时间状语：多由时间词引起：when, while, as, after, before, every time, the moment, no sooner.. than, hardly…when, not…until, the instant, once, whenever,

The moment I saw her, I fell in love with her.

No sooner had he begun to speak than he was shot to death.

Whenever I see you, you are always sleeping in bed.

地点状语：where, wherever, anywhere

Where there is will, there is hope.

方式状语：as

I have changed the method as you asked.

Do as you are asked to do.

比较状语：than, as, the more…the more

People are not so honest as they were.

He runs faster than his sister does.

The more we can do for you, the happier we will be.

比较状语从句有时候可以省略从句中的谓语，甚至整个句子都省略而只留一个副词。

People are not so hardworking as ever.

She is more beautiful than before.

原因状语：because, as, since, now(that), in that

Since you are leaving tomorrow, we should have dinner tonight.

条件状语：if, unless, whether, as long as, provided that

You can leave if you want.

You can get nothing unless you ask for.

As long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finished.

让步状语：though, although, even though, even if, while, no matter

Though we are poor, we are still happy.

Even though it’s hard work, I enjoy it.

No matter what happens, we will be on your side.

目的/结果：that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case

He came home only to find that his wife had married another guy.

乐天

1. 并列句

我们可以用一些连词把两个简单句连接成并列句，常用的连词有：and, but, so, yet, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but…as well(or also)

并列连词：and, or

I woke up and got out of the bed.我醒了下了床。

Everybody began to laugh and sing.大家开始笑和唱歌。

He read the text slowly and clearly.他慢慢地，清楚地读课文。

Do you want to go swimming or water the garden? 你是想去游泳呢还是去浇花？

Hurry up, or you will be late for school. 快点，否则你上学就要迟到了。

转折连词：but, yet,

Honey is sweet, but the bee stings.蜜是甜的，蜜蜂却能蛰人。

You said you would help me, but you didn’t. 你说过你会帮助我的，但是你没有。

The tongue is not steel yet it cuts. 舌头不是钢铁，但是却能伤人。

She is vain and foolish, yet people like her.她很虚荣，愚蠢，但是人们却喜欢他。

因果连词：for, so, therefore

for表示原因是对前面谈到的情况加以解释，还可以表示对前面说法的依据：

He must be out, for the lights are off.他肯定是出去了，因为灯灭着 呢。

She was angry for she didn’t know French.她很生气，因为她不懂法语。

So表示 “因此，所以”

He was sick, so he can not come to the meeting.

Both…and…两个都…，可以连接主语，谓语，宾语，状语,连接的成分应相同。

Both he and I spoke very slowly.

Both she and her parents don’t like the way the boy dressed.她和她的父母都不喜欢那个男孩穿衣的风格。

Neither…nor…两个都不

Neither he nor I like this film.他和我都不喜欢这部电影。

He spoke neither slowly nor clearly.他说的既不清楚，也不慢。

I have neither money nor time.我既没钱又没时间。

Either…or…或者…或者…

Either you or I must finish the job.或者是你或者是我必须完成这件工作。

Not only… but …as well不但，而且

You should not only clean the table but sweep the floor as well.你不但要擦桌子，还要扫地板。

He spoke not only slowly but clearly as well.他不但说的很慢，而且很清楚。

注意：neither…nor…,either…or…, not only… but …as well谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致

Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 不是我，就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任。 Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts. 不仅仅是他，而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会。